48 
G. A. Grierson — On the Kagmiri Verb. 
[No. 1, 
(a) rlffl tarn 1 kar u , by him made, 
or ( b ) rlfifl ^«T tam 1 karu-n , by him made-by-him, 
or (c) karu-n , made-by-him. 
Tn the second person we cannot use the first or (a) form. We can 
only say,— 
(b) ^ tie karu-th , by thee made-by-thee, 
or (c) karu-th , made-by-thee. 
So in the plural. 
( b) tohe kar u -w a , by you made-by-you, 
or (c) kar v -w a , made-by-you. 
TTT i i 
We cannot say ^ tse kar u or tolie kar v . 
This Passive construction is called in Sanskrit Grammar the kar- 
mani prayoga, and is described in Ipvara-kaula’s Grammar under that 
name (viii. hi. 3). 
The Impersonal Construction. 
Impersonal verbs are used passively with all persons. The termi¬ 
nations are the same as in the case of active verbs. An example is,— 
(a) clfn tam 1 as u , by him it was laughed, 
or (b) cj'pT tarn* asu-n , by him it was laughed-by-him, 
or (c) asu-n , it was laughed-by-him, 
all three of which mean ‘ he laughed (viii. iii. 3). So ctsu-m , I 
laughed. 
The two verbs ^ tsuv , quarrel, and fmc* morav, bear pain, may 
be used impersonally, and are then put in the feminine (viii. iii. 9). 
Thus, tsuv^n, quarrelling was done-by-him, he quarrelled, 
the verb agreeing with the nominative VC har , a quarrel, which is 
feminine. So morav^n, pain was suffered-by-him, he suffered 
pain, the true nominative being some feminine word like pld, pain, 
understood. 
In these cases we may use all the three forms, except, as before, in 
the second person. Thus,— 
(a) crfn ^«T tam 1 tsuv”, 
' «x<\ ' “ ’ 
or (6) rtffr ^3*1 tam 1 tsuv^n. 
or (c) tsuv^n, 
