1899.] 
Adverbial Suffixes. 
11 
personal pronoun, in Ka^miri we may optionally add tlie suffix n, 
which means ‘ by him,’ just as much as rrfiT tam* does, and we get 
karu-n, which also means ‘made by him,’ or ‘ he made.’ Suppose 
we want to express who was made by him, and that the person is the 
speaker, then we can say «fT^«T boh karu-n , ‘ I was made by him,’ 
i-e., ‘ he made me.’ Instead, however, of boh , we may add the 
suffix as, which means ‘I.’ We thus get kar u -n-as , ‘ I was 
made by him,’ i.e., 1 he made me.’ Again, if we wish to emphasise the 
fact that I was the person made, we can add the suffix f<T ti, and we 
get the form kar 1l -n-as-ti, which means, ‘ I also was made by 
him,’ ‘ he made me also.’ Again, if we want to make the verb interro¬ 
gative, we can add, after all these, the interrogative particle, a, thus, 
eff^rwir kar u -n-as-ty-a , ‘ was I also made by him ? ’ ‘ did he make me 
also ? ’ 
The above examples will show the freedom with which these 
suffixes are used in Kashmir!. They can be combined almost ad infini¬ 
tum. These suffixes may be divided into two classes, adverbial and 
pronominal, and in this order, I now proceed to discuss them. 
Adverbial Suffixes. 
These suffixes are added to all verbs. Before all these the final 
^ h of a verbal form is elided (iv. 131). The ordinary rules of sandhi 
also occur. Thus i and u before & become y and w respectively, ya 
(e) -f a becomes ya, and a Ad becomes a. 
1 . n a . This negatives the verb (viii. i. 13). Thus,— 
Wlf karan chuh, he 
VJ n 
makes. 
3KT5T karan chih , they 
make. 
karan cheh , she 
x \ \ 
makes. 
eUTI^f karan chekli, thou 
(fern.) makest. 
kari, he will make. 
qayov, he went. 
4 eft pak u , he went. 
karan chun a , he does not 
make. 
fw*T karan chin a , they do not 
make. 
^I*T karan chen a , she does not 
make. 
karan chekhn a , thou 
dost not make. 
karin a , he will not make. 
gayovn a , he did not go. 
■R^cf pak v n a , he did not go. 
