2 
G. A. Grierson— On the Kdr/mlrl Verb. [No. 1, 
As in the above examples, all verbs will be quoted under their 
root-forms. 
Excepting the verbs fa ni, take, fa di , give, and fa yi, come, all 
verbs whose roots end in vowels change the final ^ i to ^ yci{e) through¬ 
out (viii. ii. 11). Thus, the present participle of all these verbs is made by 
adding lean to the root. But the present participle of fa klii , eat, 
is khyawdn , not fa^T«T khiwan. On the other hand, the present 
participle of far ni, take, is fa^T«T niwan, not nyawdn. This rule 
is a most important one,, and will be met over and over again in the 
following pages. 
Conjugation. 
There are three conjugations of verbs. They only differ in the 
formation of the Causal Voice, and of the past participles and of the 
tenses derived from them. Their consideration is postponed till these 
tenses come to be dealt with. 
Voice. 
There are three voices: the Active, the Passive, and the Causal. 
The Active Voice. 
This is formed by adding the conjugational suffixes to the root 
direct according to the rules to be hereafter detailed. 
The Passive Voice. 
This is formed by conjugating the oblique form of the verbal noun 
in un, that is to say, the shortened form of the Instrumental Singular 
which is used before post-positions, and which ends in an a , with the 
verb fa yi, come, which may either precede or follow. Thus, from 
the verb ^ kar, make, the verbal noun is karun. The oblique 
form of this is karan a , and the Passive is fa karan a yi, be 
made, literally, come into making. Compare the Hindi ^§#1 ^ ^fTrfT ^ 
dekline m& atd hai, it comes into seeing, it is seen (viii. i. 49). 
Examples of the use of the Passive are (viii. i. 50). 
fa^T«T rcinan a yiwdn chuh bat a , the rice is coming 
into cooking, i.e., is being cooked. 
