1899 .] 
71 
Pluperfect, Participle and Tense. 
6 (a). The Pluperfect Participle. 
This participle occurs in all three conjugations. In the first two 
conjugations (viii. iii. 78), it expresses remote time. Thus, 
karya-n, he made (a long time ago) ; bovyav, he became (a long 
time ago). 
In the third conjugation it is used in the sense of an Aorist Parti¬ 
ciple, and expresses past time indefinitely, with no reference to proxi¬ 
mity or distance. It is hence the participle, and the Pluperfect is the 
tense, of narration in this conjugation. Thus, wuphyav , he flew. 
In order to supply the place of Pluperfect, a new tense is formed in 
this conjugation, which may be called the True Pluperfect. Thus, 
wuphiyav , he flew a long time ago. 
The Pluperfect Participle is formed by changing the termination 
ov of the aorist participle to WR av (viii. iii. 35). Thus Aorist 
Participle, karyov; Pluperfect Participle, karyav. In the 
first conjugation, the masculine plural is formed by inserting ^ e, 
before the termination of the masculine plural of the Aorist Parti¬ 
ciple. Thus, karyov ; masc. plur. karyey ; Pluperfect part, 
masc. plur. kareyey (viii. iii. 36). When the Aorist masc. 
plural ends in ay {vide, p. 61) this is changed to ayey. 
Thus ; Aorist Participle hetsov, taken ; masc. plur. 'fJUT*? hetsay; 
Pluperfect Part. masc. plur. hetsayey (viii. iii. 37). The femi¬ 
nine singular and plural are the same as those of the Aorist Participle 
(viii. iii. 38). 
In the second and third conjugations, the masculine plural is 
formed by changing av of the singular to ay (viii, iii, 40). 
See, however, p. 74. Thus wuphyav, flown; masc. pi., 
wuphyay. The feminine (singular and plural) is formed by changing 
av to ey a . Thus wuphyey a (viii, iii. 44). 
6 (6). The Pluperfect Tense. 
This is formed from the Pluperfect Participle, exactly as the Aorist 
Tense is formed from the Aorist Participle. 
We thus get the following forms. 
