1899.] 
13 
Section I.—Goins and Seals. 
Oxus, and by 26 B.C. they bad extended their settlements beyond the 
Hindukush into Afghanistan. Here they formed a great kingdom under 
the two Kndphises and under Kanerkes and Hverkes from about 25 
B.C. to 180 A.D. Their rule gradually comprised the whole of North- 
Western India in addition to Eastern Afghanistan. On their coins 
they used both the Greek and Indian-Klmrostlri characters : the former 
they retained from their Greek predecessors whose official script it had 
been ; the latter was the script of secular commerce of their Indian 
subjects. Co-existing with these scripts there were in use also the 
Indian-Bralimi characters, favoured by the religious and learned, 
especially the Buddhists. 
Concurrent with the great Yuechi kingdom there was in North- 
Western India a smaller one of another Turk! race under the kings 
Maues, Azes, and their successors, from about 50 B.C. to 80 A.D. It did 
not extend beyond the Panjab, and the Turk! invaders who founded it, 
must have entered India through Kashmir and over the Karakorum 
passes from the direction of Khotan. Here, we have seen, the Uighur 
tribe, which still continues to form the main stock of the population of 
the whole of Eastern Turkestan, 10 had gradually established itself in 
the second century B.C., in constant warfare with the Hiungnus and 
Sakas. It was no doubt the Uighurs who, similarly to the Yuechis 
further west, pressed forward aud extended their rule into India in the 
first century B.C. Here they became the neighbours aud rivals of the 
Yuechis, and here also they became acquainted with Greek and Indian 
culture; for, like the Yuechi Indian kings, the Uighur Indian kings 
Maues, Azes and their successors have both Greek and Indian-Kharosthi 
legends on their coins. The Uighur kingdom, which in the South, (in 
India), had to contend with the Yuechi, and in the North, (in Eastern 
Turkestan), with the Hiungnu, at last declined in power. In order to 
secure the assistance of the Chinese empire, its Northern portion 
submitted to China and consented to pass under its administration. 
This happened, as we have seen, in 73 A.D. 11 About the same time its 
southern portion was annexed by the Yuechi king Kanishka, who 
extended his rule over Kashmir up to the Karakorum (Tsung-ling) 
range, and took hostages from the remainder of the Uighur kingdom. 12 
Under these altered conditions, the Uighur coinage in Khotan was 
conformed to the Chinese standard, and its obverse legend, which had 
hitherto been Greek, was replaced by a Chinese inscription. The 
reverse legend, on the other hand, continued, as hitherto, to be expressed 
1° See N. Elias’ Tarikh-i-Rashidi, p. 92. 
11 See Abel Remusnt’s Histoire de la Ville de Khotan , pp. 3 ff. 
See Beal’s Buddhist Records of the Western World, Yol. I, pp. 56, 57. 
