1899.] THE NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF KRAMARAJYA. 
205 
the beginning of the present century are referred to by Mr. Vigne and 
Dr. Falconer. 1 Abu-1-Fazl too mentions the phenomenon at ‘Soyam.’ 2 
Considering the rarity of the occasions when this manifestation of 
the ‘ Self-created Fire ’ is observed and the pilgrimage performed, the 
total absence of ancient remains cannot surprise us. There is, however, a 
Mahatmya of the Tirtha, and the latter is also referred to in the 
Nilamata. A pilgrimage which King Uccala (a.d. 1101-11) made to 
Svayambhu gives Kalhana occasion to. acquaint us with some localities 
of the neighbourhood. 3 The king who was stopping in Kramarajya, 
is said to have started for the village of Varhatacakra with a small 
retinue to see the miracle there. On his way which took him past the 
village of KambaleAvara, he was set upon in a deep mountain gorge by 
robbers from whom he escaped only with difficulty. 
I believe, the places mentioned in connection with this adventure, 
can still be identified without difficulty. Varhatacakra is probably the 
present Tsak a vadar, tsa7c a being the ordinary Ks. form for Skr. cakra and 
vadar the phonetic derivative of Varhata -. 4 Cases of village names in 
which the two component parts, being originally distinct names, can 
alternate in their position, are by no means unfrequent in Kasmir. 
Thus we have now Dara-Sad^por and Sadvpor-Dara, etc. 
In Kambalesvara we may safely recognize the present village of 
Krambhar , situated about six miles north-east of Svayambhu ; for the 
ending -har as the derivative of Skr. -es'vara, compare Triphar < Tripures- 
vara , etc. 5 The way from Krambhar to Svayambhu leads through the 
valley of the Panjtar stream. The latter as I convinced myself by 
personal inspection on a tour in 1892, passes above Rajpor a narrow 
thickly-wooded gorge. The path which follows the tortuous course of 
the stream at the bottom of the gorge, offers excellent opportunities for 
an ambuscade such as described by Kalhana. 
Bad a rkal, a small village, about four miles south-east of Krambhar, 
has a small local Tirtha marked by a spring and some old Lin gas. It 
is visited on the pilgrimage to Svayambhu and mentioned by the name 
of Bhadrakali in the Mahatmya of the latter. 
126 . The Pargana of Uttar stretching along the foot of the range 
District of Uttara towards the Kisanganga, forms the extreme 
north-west of the Kasmir Valley. A passage 
1 See Vigne, Travels , ii. p. 280; Lawrence, Valley , p. 42. 
2 Ain-i-Akb., ii. p. 365. 
8 Compare Bdjat. viii. 250 sq. note. 
4 For medial Skr. r > Ks. d , compare e.g.> Bhattdraka[ma{ha > Brqd*[mar 
for t > r, e.g. Kasthcivata > Kasi^var. 
8 For detailed evidence on the phonetic points alluded to, see Rdjat. viii, 250 note. 
