206 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KAS'MIR. [Extra No. 2, 
of the Rajntarangini records its ancient name Uttara, and refers also to 
Ghosa as a locality situated in it. 1 The place meant is undoubtedly 
the present Gus situated in the centre of Uttar, near the confluence of 
the Kamil River and the stream coming from Lolau. It is the starting- 
point for the S'arada pilgrimage and is mentioned correctly as Ghosa 
in tho S'aradamahatmya. 
About ten miles higher up the Kamil river lies the village of 
Panz^am, circ. 74° T long. 34° 29 f lat. I take its position from Major 
Bates’ Gazetteer; the ‘Atlas of India’ map does not show the place. 
It is in all probability identical with PancigramT, mentioned by Kalhana 
in connection with the surrender of the pretender Bhoja. 2 I have not 
been able to visit this portion of the district, and Major Bates’ reference 
to Panz i gam attracted my attention only after the preparation of my 
map. 3 
In the extreme north-east of Uttar and within a mile of each other, 
we have the old villages of Drang and HayZhom, referred to by Kalhana 
under their ancient designations of Dranga and Hayasrama . 4 * The 
latter place, as its name shows, marks the position of an old frontier 
watch-station towards the Kisangariga. We have already seen that 
there is a route leading past it to S'ardi, the ancient Tirtha of S'arada 
situated on that river. 
Dranga and Hayasrama are both mentioned hy Kalhana in connec¬ 
tion with the siege of the Shrahsila castle which took place in his own 
time. A brief reference may therefore be made here both to this 
stronghold and the neighbouring shrine of S'arada, though they are both 
situated outside the limits of the Kasmir Valley. 
127 . The introduction of the Rajatarahgini mentions the temple 
of the goddess S'arada amongst the foremost 
Tho Tirtha of Sarada* m- i-i ^ ~\r~ / _ r t. , 
Tirthas of Kasmir. 6 It was well known even 
far beyond the frontiers of Kasmir. Alberuni had heard of it, 6 and a 
story recorded in a Jaina life of the great grammarian Hemacandra 
proves that its fame had spread even to far-off Gujrat. 
1 See Rajat. vi. 281. 
8 See Rajat. viii. 3124. 
8 There seems to be good reason to suspect that Taramulaka, a place repeated¬ 
ly referred to in connection with Bhoja’s last campaign, lay somewhere in or near 
Uttar. Unfortunately this locality which is of importance also for other portions 
of Kalhana’s narrative, has not yet been identified; see note vii. 1307. 
4 For Hdija^rama, see Rajat, viii. 2937 note; for Dranga , viii. 2507 note, also 
Note B, i. 37. 
6 The position and history of the temple of S'arada have been fully discussed in 
Note B, i. 37. 
® See India , i. p. 117. 
