2 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KAS'MIR. [Extra No. 2, 
Many of the questions thus raised were so detailed and intricate 
that it would have been manifestly impossible to attempt their solution 
without carefully studying on the spot those topographical facts which 
alone could elucidate them. It was, therefore, fortunate for my re¬ 
searches in this direction that I was able during successive years to 
make a series of antiquarian tours in Kasmir. These acquainted me 
not only with the extant ancient remains of the Valley, but also with 
its actual topography and that of the neighbouring mountain regions. 1 
I cannot feel too grateful for the advantage I thus enjoyed. It has 
allowed me in more than one case to fix with certainty the position of 
important ancient sites, which no amount of philological acriby would 
have sufficed to locate correctly. 
2. In order to place before the student of the Kasmir Chronicle 
the results of these researches, as well as the 
Prepaiation of evidence on which they were based, the pre- 
^■ a ^ S * paration of maps appeared necessary that 
would show the modern topography of the country in full detail together 
with the ancient sites and local names identified. While considering 
the means for the execution of such maps I received in the autumn 
of 1896 the generous offer of the Asiatic Society of Bengal to bear 
the cost connected with their preparation, on the understanding that 
the maps would be published also in the Society’s Journal with a 
separate explanatory memoir. I accepted this offer all the more 
readily as it gave me the desired opportunity of treating the subject 
of the early geography of Kasmir in a connected form and before ' a 
larger public. For the liberal assistance thus rendered to me, I wish 
to record here my sincere thanks. I owe special obligations to Dr. 
G. A. Grierson, c.s., c.i.e., and Dr. A. F. R. Hoernle, c.i.e., whose 
kind offices were mainly instrumental in securing the above arrange¬ 
ment. 
The successful execution of the maps as now published was 
rendered possible by the ready co-operation of Colonel J. Waterhouse, 
i.S.C., late Assistant Surveyor General, in charge of the Lithographic 
and Photographic Office of the Survey of India Department. The 
preparation of a new ground map to show on a sufficiently large scale 
the details of the modern topography of Kasmir would have cost much 
trouble and entailed very heavy, almost prohibitory, expense. At the 
same time it had to be considered that there were no other materials 
available for such a map but those supplied by the Trigonometrical 
1 The tours referred to occupied the greatest part of my summer vacations 
in 1888, 1889, 1891, 1892, 1894 and were supplemented by shorter visits to parti¬ 
cular sites during the summers of 1895-96. 
