1899. J 
INTRODUCTORY. 
3 
Survey operations in Kasmir, 1856-60, which had been embodied on the 
scale of 4 miles to 1 inch in the corresponding sheets of the ‘Atlas of 
India.’ 
It hence appeared to me the most convenient plan to use as a 
ground-map a mechanical reproduction of that portion of the ‘ Atlas 
of India’ which contains Kasmir and the adjacent territories. Over 
this ground-map the entries relating to the ancient topography of the 
country could be printed in a distinguishing colour. This plan having 
received Colonel Waterhouse’s approval, the required portions of the 
engraved plates containing Sheets 27 and 28 of the ‘ Atlas,’ were trans¬ 
ferred to the stone and the copies of the larger map reproduced from 
the latter by lithography. A similar process was used for the smaller 
map showing the capital, S'rinagar, and its environs on the enlarged 
scale of 1 mile to 1 inch. But in this case the original map which was 
not engraved but only zincographed, had to be retraced on the stone. 1 
In the case of either map the entries marking ancient sites and names 
were printed in red over the ground-map from a separate stone. In 
order to distinguish at a glance the old local names iu the Raja- 
tarangini from those known only to the later Chronicles and other sources, 
the former were shown in Grotesque type and the latter in Italic. 
By following the method here briefly explained it was possible to 
provide maps which exhibit in all needful detail the latest and most 
authentic survey of Kasmir and at the same time show clearly all im¬ 
portant features of the old topography. The success of the technical 
execution is due mainly to the great care and attention bestowed on it 
by Colonel Waterhouse and his staff. For this as well as much valu¬ 
able advice accorded to me in connection with the work I may be 
allowed to offer here my grateful acknowledgments. 
3. It has already been stated that the maps here presented are in 
the first place intended to illustrate those data 
Arrangement of 0 f ppg anc { e nt geography of Kasmir which are 
memoir. contained in Kalhana’s Chronicle. But in 
addition to the old local names and sites taken from this our most 
important source of information those mentioned in the later Sanskrit 
Chronicles and other Kasmirian texts have also been inserted as far as 
they can claim antiquity and interest. These maps may, therefore, 
equally well serve to illustrate a comprehensive account of the historical 
topography of Kasmir, such as I shall attempt to give here, up to the 
close of the Hindu epoch. 
1 The original of this smaller ground-map had appeared as an inset in the 
“ Map of Jummoo, Kashmir and Adjacent Territories ” 4 miles to 1 inch, published 
by tire Survey of India, 1861. 
