1899.] 
CLASSICAL NOTICES. 
11 
time of this Dionysios. Nor is there any indication as to the source 
from which he may have taken the reference. That the Kasmiris had 
abroad the reputation of being good pedestrians may be concluded from 
a remark of Albeiuni. 1 It is clear that the natural conditions of an 
alpine valley enclosed by difficult mountain ranges are likely to develop 
the marching powers of its inhabitants. The Rajatarahgiin gives us in 
fact several instances of very respectable marching performances. It 
shows at the same time the scant use made of riding animals in the 
mountains. 2 There is thus more than the mere name to justify us in 
referring the notice of Dionysios of Samos to Kasmlr. 
We meet with the name of the Kaspeiroi also in the Dionysiaka of 
Nonnos. There they are mentioned among the Indian tribes rising in 
arms against Bacchos. 3 As Nonnos’ list names in the same passage 
also the Arienoi whose name we see coupled with that of Kaspeiroi 
in the fragment of the Bassarika, it is probable that Nonnos has 
taken his reference j either from the latter work or from some common 
source. 
Kaspatyros of 
Herodotos. 
7. We should, indeed, have a far earlier reference to Kasmlr in 
classical literature, and one by no less an 
authority than the ‘ Father of history,’ if the 
opinion of those scholars could be accepted who 
h ive thought to recognize the name of the Valley in the Kaspatyros of 
Herodotos. The facts are briefly the following. Herodotos mentions 
the city of Kaspatyros as the place at which the expedition under 
Scylax of Koryauda, sent by Darius to explore the course of the Indus, 
embarked. 4 ’ He distinctly places this city in the Paktyan land 
(H aKTvtKT] yrj). This is described as being to the north of the other 
Indians and apparently bordering on the Baktrian territory. The place 
meant by Herodotos is evidently the same that Hekataios knew before 
him by the name of Kaspapyros and as a city of the Gandarians. 6 
The notice of Hekataios (circ. 549-486 b.c.) makes it clear that 
Kaspatyros or Kaspapyros, whichever form may be more accurate, 
must have been situated in that territory where the Indus first becomes 
navigable, i.e., in the ancient Gandhara, the present Peshawar District. 
That the designation P aid y ike used by Herodotus refers to the same 
1 India, trail si. Sachau, i. p. 206. 
2 Compare Rdjat. vii. 140, 1301 ; viii. 192, 379, 1588, 1796, 1887, 2673 sq. 
5 See Dionysiaka, xxvi. 165 sqq. I take this reference from Troyer, ii. p. 308. 
4 See iv. 44, also iii. 102. The points bearing on the interpretation of the 
passage have been fully discussed by Sir E. H. Bunbury, History of Ancient Geogra¬ 
phy, i, pp. 228, 256. 
6 See Stephanos Byzant., s.v. TANAAPIKH ; also Muller’s Fragmenta historic, 
graec., i. p. 12. 
