1899.] 
CHINESE RECORDS. 
17 
Hiuen Tsiang’s narrative tells us that he left the Valley going in a 
south-westerly direction. He reached Pun-nu-tso , the Parnotsa of the 
Chronicle and the modern Prunts, after crossing mountains and passing 
precipices. 1 As the Tos^maidan route is the direct and most frequented 
route to that territory, it is very probable that Hiuen Tsiang also follow¬ 
ed it. Parnotsa as well as Rajapuri (Ho-lo-she-pu-lo) to which the 
pilgrim subsequently proceeded, had at the time of his visit no inde¬ 
pendent ruler, but were subject to Kasmlr. 
10. The next Chinese notice of Kasmlr, and one which is of con¬ 
siderable historical interest, is contained in the 
Annals of the T'ang dynasty. 2 They inform us 
that the first embassy from Kasmlr arrived at the imperial court in or 
shortly after a.d. 713. In the year 720 Tchen-t' o-lo-pi-li } ruler of Kasmlr, 
the Candraplda of the Chronicle, was accorded by imperial decree the 
title of king. 
T'ang Annals. 
His brother and successor Mou-to-pi in whom Kalhnna’s Muktaplda 
or Lalitaditya has long ago been recognised, sent after the first Chinese 
expedition against Po-liu or Baltistan (between 736 and 747) an envoy 
called Ou-li-to to the Chinese court. He was to report the alleged 
victories of his master over the Tibetans but at the same time also to 
solicit the establishment of a camp of Chinese troops by the banks of 
the lake Mo-ho-to-mo-loung (the Mahapadma Naga or Volur lake). 
The Kasmlr king offered to provide all necessary supplies for an auxi¬ 
liary force of 200,000 men. But the ‘ Divine Khan ’ found it more 
convenient to content himself with issuing decrees for the sumptuous 
entertainment of the ambassador aud for the registration of Muktaplda 
with the title of king. Since that time the relations of Kasmlr with 
the celestial empire and the receipts of tribute from the former are said 
to have continued without interruption. 
The description of Kasmlr which is coupled with this record of the 
T'ang Annals, appears to be in the main copied from Hiuen Tsiang’s 
Si-yu-ki. But in addition it furnishes us with an exact statement as to 
the Kasmlr capital at that time. In my Notes on Ou-h'onys Account of 
1 Si-yu-ki, i. p. 162 Life p. 72. 
2 The notice was first made known by A. R^musat’s translation of the 
corresponding extract in Matuanlin’s encyclopsedia; see Nouveaux Melanges 
asiatiques, Paris, 1829, i. pp. 196 sqq. An abstract of the same notice, bnt from 
the original text of the Annals, where the names are more correctly rendered, will 
be found in Messrs. L£vi and Chavannes’ VItimZraire d’Ou-k'ong, Journal asiat., 
1895, vi. pp. 354 sqq. 
From Reinaud, Mdmoire sur VInde, pp. 189 sq. it would appear that the names 
of Kasmlr kings in this Chinese record and that of the Mahapadma lake were 
first correctly identified by Klaproth, Mdmoires relatifs d VAsie, ii. pp. 275 sq. 
This work is at present not accessible to me. 
J. i. 3. 
