18 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KAS'MlR. 
[Extra No. 2, 
KaSmlr 1 I have shown that the Po-lo-ou-lo-po-lo of the Annals is a 
correct reproduction of Pravarapura, the old and official name of S'ri- 
nagara. In the same way the name Mi-na-si-to given to the great river 
which flows to the west of the capital, represents a correct enough 
transcription of Vitasta. Both the names are recorded in the form 
which they bore in the official Sanskit, and are, therefore, evidently 
taken from the information given by the Kasmir envoys. 
11. Not many years after Muktaplda’s embassy Kasmir was visited 
by another Chinese pilgrim, Ou-k'ong. Though 
Ou-k'ong. greatly inferior to Hiuen Tsiang in learning 
and power of observation, he has yet left us 
information regarding the country which is of interest and value. The 
itinerary of Ou-k'ong the discovery and recent publication of which we 
owe to Messrs. L6vi and Chavannes, 1 2 * contains the reminiscences of forty 
years’ wanderings, taken down after the pilgrim’s return to China and 
in a form regrettably brief. But whether it be due to Ou-k'ong’s long 
stay in Kasmir or to other causes, his account is fortunately far more 
detailed in the case of Kasmir than in that of any other territory visited 
by him. His description of the Valley and the several sites mentioned 
by him have been fully discussed by me in the separate paper already 
quoted. 8 I need hence indicate here only the main results of this analysis. 
Ou-k'ong reached Kasmir in the year 759 from Gandliara, presum¬ 
ably by the same ronte as Hiuen Tsiang had followed. He took 
there the final vows of a Buddhist monk and spent there fully four 
years engaged, as his itinerary tells us, in pilgrimages to holy sites and 
in the study of Sanskrit. 4 5 Though he is said to have studied from day¬ 
break till night-fall, his diligence does not seem to have brought him 
much literary culture. This is curiously shown by the popular Apa- 
bhramsa forms iu which our pilgrim records the names of the monas¬ 
teries he specially singles out for notice. Four of these I have been 
able to identify with Viharas mentioned in the Chronicle, 6 * and two of 
them have left their names to villages which survive to the present day. 
1 See pp. 26 sqq. in the above-quoted paper, published in the “ Proceedings ” 
of the Imperial Academy, Vienna (Philos.-histor. Class), 1896, vol. cxxxv. 
2 See L’ Itindraire d’Ou-k'ovg, Journal asiat., 1895, vi. pp. 341 sqq. 
& See Notes on Ou-k'ong’s account of Kasmir, loc. cit. 
4 See L’ Itineraire d’Ou-Tc'ong , p. 356. 
5 Thus the monastery of Ngo-mi-t'o-p'o-ivan (* Amitabhavana) corresponds to the 
Amrtabhavana Vihara of Rajat. iii. 9, which has given its name to the present 
Ant^bavan near S'rinagar. The ‘ monastere du mont Ki-tchS, ( # Kicd < Skr. krtyd) 
is no other than the Krtyasrama Vihara, at the modern village Kitsqhom, the legend 
of which is related at lergbh by Kalhana, i. 131 sqq. The Vihara of the great 
king Moung-ti (* Mutti) was one of Muktaplda’s foundations, probably the # Mukta- 
