58 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KAS'MIR. [Extra No. 2, 
recension and Susumnandga ( /) in the other. The old Parganas of 
Holacla, Laulaha , Khuyasrama are turned on account of their modern 
names Vular, Lolau, Khuy^hom, into the 1 Rastras ’ of Volara, Lalava , 
Khoyahama. Ban a hal, the old Bdnasdld , l figures as Bhanusala ; Khruv, 
the ancient Khaduvl , 2 * 4 * known correctly even to so late a text as the 
Lokaprakasa, as Khrdva . The well-known Klionamusa (Khun^moh) 
appears as Ksusnamosagrama (!) The name of the ancient village Jaya- 
vana' 6 which fares badly too, as we have seen, in the Mahatmyas, is 
metamorphosed into Jlvana ; Bgnyil , the old PLiranyapura^ is with a 
flight of historical fancy turned into a foundation of king Ranaditya (!). 
Even the sacred Tirtha of Tulamulya (TuHmul) does not escape a 
renaming as Stliulamula , though in this case the local Mahatmya, with 
its Tulamula , keeps close enough to the old name. 6 After this, village 
names like JJskara , Ramasrama , Kicakasrama , as designations of the 
old Huskapura, Rdmusa , Krtydsrcima can scarcely surprise us. 6 The 
number of districts, towns, villages, streams, lakes and other topogra¬ 
phical features (exclusive of Tirthas) mentioned by Pandit Sahibram 
amounts to nearly three hundred. But scarcely two dozens of the 
names given for them are in accord with our old authorities. 
Pandit Sahibram was one of the few modern Kasmirian scholars 
who have seriously occupied themselves with the Rajatarangini and the 
later Chronicles. This is shown by the elaborate abstracts he had 
prepared of these works. 7 Hence the indifferent knowledge of ancient 
topography as displayed in his Tirthasamgraha, must appear all the 
more striking. Yet in reality it is easily enough accounted for. 
What knowledge learned tradition in Kasmlr has retained of 
ancient sites as distinct from Tirthas and the like, is confined to a 
few prominent localities which, for one reason or the other, were of 
special interest to the Pandits. Thus the capital Pravarapura-S'rinagara 
with several of its quarters, Vijayesvara , Suyyapura , Vardliamula , 
Padmapura , and some other places of importance in the Valley have 
continued to be known by their ancient names. This was probably 
because these names never ceased to be employed in colophons of Sans¬ 
krit manuscripts, in horoscopes, and similar records. In the case of a 
1 See note viii. 1665, and below, § 41. 
3 See note viii. 733; also § 105 below. 
8 Compare note vii. 607, and § 105 below. 
4 See note i. 287, and § 104 below. 
6 Compare note iv. 638. 
' 6 See notes i. 168; ii. 55 ; i. 147. 
7 These abstracts, called Rdjatarangimsaihgraha, were acquired by Prof. Buhler ; 
see Nos. 176-8 of th'e Poona collection. It deserves to be noted that in them no 
attempt whatever is made to explain points of topographical interest. 
