110 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KAS'MlR. [Extra No. 2, 
general topographical features in tlieir neighbourhood has fully borne 
out the correctness of Kalhana’s account. Without the help of a larger- 
scale map it would, however, be impossible to explain here accurately 
the topographical evidence collected. 1 I must, therefore, once more 
refer to the above-quoted detailed note in my forthcoming work, 
where a special map, on the scale of one inch to the mile, has been 
inserted for the illustration of this tract. In the present place I must 
restrict myself to indicating the main results of my enquiries. 
These have shown that while the new confluence which Kalhana 
knew iu his own time, is identical with the present junction opposite 
Shad i pur, 2 the old one lay about two miles to the south-east of it, 
between the village of Trigam and the Par^spor plateau. The latter is 
the site of the great ruins of Parihasapura , first identified by me and 
.shown on the map (see below, § 121.) Trigam marks the position of the 
ancient Trigrdmi , and a short distance south of it stands the temple ruin 
which I identify with the shrine of Visnu Vainyasvdmin. 
Ktilhana mentions this temple as the point near which “ the two 
rivers, the Sindhu and Vitasta, formerly met flowing to the left and 
right of Trigrami, respectively.” Standing on the raised ground before 
the ruin and turning towards Shad i pur, we have on our left a narrow 
swamp about a quarter of a mile broad which runs north-east in the 
direction of Trigam. In this swamp and a shallow Nala- continuing it 
towards Shad i pur, we can yet recognize the old bed of the Sindhu. On 
the right we have the Badrihel Nala which divides the alluvial plateau of 
Trigam and Pai^spor. This Nala is clearly marked as an old river-bed 
by the formation of its banks and is still known as such to the villagers 
of the neighbourhood. 
The Badrihel Nala connects the great swamp to the east known as 
Panz'nor Nambal with the extensive marshes stretching west and north¬ 
west of Par^spor towards the Volur. This channel still serves regular¬ 
ly as an outflow for the PanzHior Nambal whenever the latter is flooded 
from the Vitasta at times of high-water. Were it not for the great 
embankments which guard the bed of the Vitasta towards the low 
Panzer Nambal, the latter would still form a regular course of the 
1 In the copies of the map accompanying this memoir the faint outlines by which 
the engraved Atlas of India sheet marks the low alluvial plateaus, the marshes, and 
similar features of this tract, have become much effaced. A reference to the 
original groundmap or the larger Survey map (2 miles to the inch) is hence recom¬ 
mended. 
2 Shadipur is a modern contraction for Shahahuddln'pur , the name given to the 
place by Sultan Shahabu-d-dm (A.D. 1354-73) who founded it, as Jonaraja, 409, tells 
us, at the confluence of the Vitasta and Sindhu. 
