1899.] 
SOIL AND CLIMATE OF THE VALLEY. 
125 
Kliaklias have until very recent times worthily maintained the reputa¬ 
tion which their forefathers enjoyed as marauders and turbulent hill- 
men. 
North of the Vitasta Valley and as far as the Kisanganga we now 
find the Bombas as the neighbours of the Khakhas to whom they are 
closely related. It is probable that the Karnav district was held by 
them already in old times. Kalhana seems to comprise them, viii. 3088, 
under the designation of Khasa. 
The upper Kisanganga Valley above S'ardi wa§ in old days already 
as at present inhabited by Dards (Skr. Darad , Daradct ) who are often 
referred to by Kalhana as the neighbours of Kasmir on the north. 1 
Their seats extended then too probably much further to ilie north-west, 
where they are now found in Citral, Yasin, Grilgit and the interven¬ 
ing regions towards Kasmir. Megasthenes already knew them in the 
Upper Indus regions. Kalhana relating events of his own time speaks 
of Mlecchas further to the north. These might have been Muham- 
madanized Dards on the Indus, and beyond. 2 
The regions immediately to the north-east and east of Kasmir were 
held by the Bhauttas. We have already seen that these represent the 
people of Tibetan descent, the modern But?, of Dras, Ladakh and the 
neighbouring mountain districts. 3 
1 See Raj at. i. 317 note. 
2 See note viii. 2762-64. 
8 See above, § 58. 
