126 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KAS'MlR. [Extra No. 2, 
CHAPTER IY. 
POLITICAL TOPOGRAPHY. 
Section I.— Frontiers oe ancient Kasmir. 
81 . Our account of tlie political topography of ancient Knsmir 
may conveniently open with a survey of its frontiers. These agree so 
closely with the natural boundaries of the Valley that we have already 
had occasion to trace them when dealing with the mountain ranges 
enclosing the latter. It will however be useful to supplement our 
information regarding these frontiers by a brief notice of the territories 
which lay beyond them and formed the neighbours of the Kasmir 
kingdom in Hindu times. 
Beginning in the south-east we have first the Valley of Kas- 
thavata, the present Kast a var (‘ Kishtwar ’ of 
the maps) on the upper Cinab. It is mention¬ 
ed by Kalliana as a separate hill state in the 
time of Kalasa. 1 Its Rajas who were Hindus till Aurangzeb’s time, 
practically retained their independence until the conquest of their terri¬ 
tory by Maharaja Gulab Singh. 
The hill-district of Bhadravah lower down on the Cinab is once 
named in the Rajatarangini as Bhadrdvalcasa . 3 Its Rajas were tributary 
to Camba in recent centuries. This was probably the case also in 
earlier times as we do not find a ruler of Bliadravakasa referred to in 
Kalhana’s lists of hill Rajas. 
Territories S. E. of 
Kasmir. 
1 See Rdjat, vii. 590 note. 
* See Rdjat. viii. 501 note. 
