1899.] 
FRONTIERS OF ANCIENT KASHMIR. 
129 
Lohara . 1 2 The chief valley belonging to this hill-state was the present 
Loh?rin which we have already visited when examining the Tos^maidan 
route. Lohara became important for Kasmir from the end of the 11th 
century when a branch of its ruling family acquired the Kasmir throne. 
Subsequently this branch succeeded also to Lohara which thus became 
united to Kasmir under the same ruler. As the ancestral home and 
stronghold of the dynasty, the castle of Lohara has played a great part 
during the last reigns related by Kalhana. The chiefs of Lohara are 
distinctly named as belonging to the Kliasa tribe. 
Lohara seems to have included in those times also the town and 
district of Parnotsa corresponding to the present Punch or Prunts 
(the Kasmlri form), in the lower valley of the Tohi (Tausi). 8 In Hiuen 
Tsiang’s time Parnotsa gave its name to the whole hill-state which was 
then tributary to Kasmir. The Muhammadan Rajas of Prunts, closely 
related to the Khakhas of the Vitasta Valley, remained more or less 
independent till the conquest of Maharaja Grulab Singh. Their terri¬ 
tory forms now a separate small principality under a branch of the 
Jammu family. Parnotsa being on the great route to the western 
Panjab is often mentioned in the Kasmir Chronicles. The large per¬ 
centage of the Kasmlri element in the population of Prunts attests the 
closeness and ancient date of its relations to Kasmir. 
The hills to the south-west of Prunts were held till early in this 
century by petty chiefs, known as the Rajas of Kotli. It is possible 
that the small hill-state of Kalinjara repeatedly referred to by Kalhana 
and known also to Ferishta, lay in this direction. 3 * 
Proceeding to the north-west of Parnotsa we come to the valley of 
the Vitasta. This, as has already been shown above, was held in old 
times as an outlying frontier-district of Kasmir as far down as Bolya- 
saka, the present Buliasa. Beyond this point it was occupied by 
Khasas. In Muhammadan times the valley was divided between several 
petty chiefs of the Kliaklia and Bomba clans who seem to have acknow¬ 
ledged as their nominal head the Khakha Raja of Muzaffarabad. The 
portion of the valley between Muzaffarabad and Buliasa bore the 
old name of Dvaravati from which the modern designation of this tract, 
Dvarbidl , is derived (see above, § 53). 
1 Compare for the history of Lohara and its various localities, Note E, Rdjat. iv. 
177, reproduced in Ind. Ant., 1897, pp. 225 sqq. 
2 See for details note iv. 18. Hiuen Tsiang’s reference shows that the town of 
Parnotsa must be older than the time of Lalitaditya to whom Kalhana ascribes its 
foundation. 
3 See note Rdjat. vii, 1256. 
J. i. 17 
