1899.] 
FRONTIERS OF ANCIENT KAS'MIR. 
131 
Darad. territory. 
The valley of the Kisangaiiga above its junction with the Karnau 
river and as far as Sitrdi, forms a separate tract known as Drava. This 
is possibly tlie Duranda mentioned in a passage of Kalhana’s Chronicle. 1 
The northernmost portion of the tract seems to have been a dependency 
of Kasmir even during the later Hindu reigns. At S'ardi we find the 
shrine of S'arada, one of the most sacred Tirthas of old Kasmir. To 
this as well as an old feudal stronghold in its neighbourhood we shall 
have occasion to refer thereafter (§ 127). 
Through S'ardi leads a route to Cilas on the Indus. But this 
territory as well as the other portions of the Upper Indus Valley lay 
apparently quite beyond the sphere of Kasmir political influence. Hence 
we meet nowhere in the Chronicles with their ancient names. 
84 . Immediately above S'ardi the valley of the Kisangaiiga turns, 
as we have seen, into a narrow uninhabited 
gorge. At the other end of this gorge we 
reach the territory of the Darads. Their settlements on the Upper 
Kisangahga and its tributaries seem to have formed a separate little 
kingdom, called by a general name Daraddesa in the Chronicle. 2 
Its inhabitants who bore Hindu names, more than once attempted inva¬ 
sions of Kasmir. DaratpurI, ‘ the town of the Darads,’ which was the 
capital of their chiefs, may have occupied the position of the modern 
Gurez (map ‘ Goorais’). 3 The latter is the chief place of the valley 
where the Nawabs governing it till the Sikh conquest resided. The 
‘Mleccha’ chiefs who on two occasions figure as the Darad Rajas’ allies 
from the north, were perhaps rulers of other Darad tribes further 
towards the Indus who had early been converted to Islam. 4 
Crossing from the head-waters of the Kisangaiiga to those of the 
Dras River we arrive in high-level valleys 
inhabited by people of Tibetan race and 
language, the Bhauttas of the Chronicles. The Rajatarariginl tells us 
nothing of the political organization or topography of the Bhautta 
territories. It is, however, possible that we have a reference to Leh , 
the capital of Ladakh, in the “ foreign country called Loh,” which 
Kalhana names in iii. 10. 
Nor do the later Chronicles supply us with any details in this 
direction, though the several invasions which Kasmir suffered from 
this side give Jonaraja and S'rlvara occasion to refer more frequently to 
the Bhauttas and their rulers. It may, however be noted that S'rlvara 
Bhauttas. 
1 See viii. 2709 note. 
2 Compare Rdjat. vii. 911 ; for other references to the Darads, i. 312 note. 
8 See vii. 911 note. 
4 See viii. 2762 note. 
