132 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KASAIIR. [Extra No. 2, 
already knows the terms ‘ Little and Great Bhutfa-land.’ 1 They refer to 
Baltistan (Skardo) and Ladakh which have continued to be known to 
the present day as ‘ Little and Great Tibet,’ or among Kasmiris as Lukh 
Butun and Bud Butun . 2 * These terms are in fact of a far older date, 
as they are found already in the Chinese Annals as Little and Great 
Poliu . s 
The eastern frontier of Kasmir is, as we have seen, formed by a 
mountain range which runs from the Z5ji-La almost due south towards 
Kast a var. Along this range on the east lies a long narrow valley 
marked as Maru-Wardwan on the map (in Kasmirl Madivadvan) . It 
is drained by a large river which joins the Cinab near the town of 
Kast a var. Owing to its high elevation and the rigours of its climate it 
is inhabited only by a scanty population. According to Mr. Drew’s race 
map and other authorities, this consists now chiefly of Kasmiris. 
Whether this was already the case in old times, is uncertain. The 
Valley is nowhere mentioned in our old Kasrairian texts. 4 * It is hence 
doubtful whether it belonged to Kasmir territory in Hindu times. Yet 
Abu-1-Fazl counts it among the Parganas of Kasmir. 6 Beyond it to 
the east stretches an uninhabited belt of high mountains and glaciers, 
dividing Madivadvan from the Tibetan tracts of Suru and Zanskar. To 
the south we reach once more the territory of Kastliavata from which 
our present survey has started. 
1 See S'nv. iii. 445 ( Suksmabrhadbhuttadesau ). 
2 Butun (connected with the ethnic term But <? < Bhautta; see above, § 58), is 
the Kasmirl term for Tibet in general. 
s Compare A. Remusat, Nouveaux melanges asiatiques, i. p. 194; and Sir H. 
Yule, Cathay, p. lxx. 
4 The Trisamdhyamahatmya which refers to the Valley as Madavatlra , cannot 
claim any particular antiquity. 
6 See Aln-i-Akb., ii. p. 369. 
