1899.] 
ANCIENT POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
133 
Section II. —Ancient Political Divisions. 
85 . The Valley of Kasmir to which we may now return has 
from early times been divided into two great 
Kramarajya, Mada- parts, known by their modern names as 
varajya. Kamrdz and Maraz. These terms are derived 
from Skr. Kramarajya and Madavarajya, which are found very 
frequently in the Rajatarahginl as well as the later Chronicles. 1 The 
original form of the modern Kamraz was known to the tradition of the 
Shin agar Pandits generally. With the old name Madavarajya, however, 
I found only those few acquainted who, like the late Pandit Damodara 
and Pandit Govind Kaul, had specially studied Kalhana’s Chronicle. 
According to the generally prevailing notion Maraz comprises the 
districts on both sides of the Vitasta above STinagar, and Kamraz those 
below. The present tradition places the boundary of the two great divi¬ 
sions more accurately at the Shergarhi palace. That the boundary was 
already in old times indicated by a line drawn through the capital is 
easily proved by an examination of all passages in the Rajatarahginl 
and other Chronicles naming Madavarajya and Kramarajya. They 
invariably show localities situated above STinagar in the former and 
those below in the latter division. 
We arrive at the same result on a reference to the Ain-i Akbari. 
Abu-1-Fazl distinctly informs us that “ the whole kingdom was divided 
under its aucient rulers into two divisions, Mardj on the east and Eamrdj 
on the west.” 2 He then proceeds to tabulate the thirty-eight Parganas 
into which Kasmir was divided under Akbar’s administration, separately 
under the two main-heads of Maraj and Kamraj. The city of STinagar 
is counted with the former, and so are also all Parganas above the capital, 
while those below are shown in Kamraj. 
The term of Kamraz has in modern times occasionally been used 
also in a more restricted sense, for the designation of the Parganas to 
the west and north-west of the Volur lake. This usage probably arose 
from the fact that at various periods several of the small Parganas in 
this portion of the Valley were for administrative purposes grouped 
together in one Pargana, to which the name Kamraz was given. 3 This 
1 See my note on j Raj at. ii. 15. 
2 Compare Ain-i-Alcb., ii. p. 368. 
& Thus Abu-l-Fazl’s table seems to show that in Akbar’s time the old Parganas 
of Uttar, Lolau, Hamal and Machipur were embodied in the large Pargana of 
‘ Kamraj see Ain-i Akb., ii. p. 371. In Moorcroft’s and Baron Hiigel’s list the Par¬ 
gana Kamraj includes Uttar, Ilamal and Machipur. Owing to the frequent changes 
