160 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KASHMIR. 
[Extra No. 2, 
graharis are meant the ferti le lands of the present Gup a hdr, between 
the north foot of the Takht hill and the Dal. The name Gup a kar may 
be, in fact, the direct phonetic derivative of the term used by Kalhana.* 
Our surmise is supported by the reference which Kalhana in the 
verse immediately following makes to the village BhuksIravatika. 
This place is identified by the old glossator A ?j with Buch'vor, a small 
hamlet situated on the narrow strip of land at the rocky north-west 
foot of the Takht hill. The modern name is clearly derived from 
Kalhana’s form. Gopaditya is said to have removed to this confined 
and secluded spot Brahmans who had given offence by eating garlic. 
The combined mention of Gopadri, Gopagrahara and Bhuksira- 
vatika in Rajat. i. 341 sq. suggests that Kalhana has reproduced here 
local traditions collected from the sites immediately adjoining the hill. 
Whether the connection of these localities with King Gopaditya’s reign 
was based on historical fact, or only an old popular etymology working 
upon the word Gopa found in the first two names, can no longer be 
decided. 
Continuing our route along the eastern shore of the Dal we come, 
at a distance of about one mile from Gup a kar, to the large village 
of Thid, prettily situated amid vineyards and orchards. It is the Theda 
of the Rajatarangini, mentioned as one of the places which the pious 
King Samdhimat or Aryaraja adorned with Math as, divine images, 
and Lingas. 2 Abu-1-Fazl speaks of Thid as “a delightful spot where 
seven springs unite; around them are stone buildings, memorials of 
by-gone times.” s The remains here alluded to can no longer be traced, 
but the seven springs ( Saptapuskarinl) which are also referred to in 
the Haracaritacintamani (iv. 40 sqq .), are still pointed out. 
The cluster of villages which we reach about one and a half miles 
beyond Thid, and which jointly bear the name Bran, can be safely 
identified with BhImadevI which Kalhana notices along with Theda. 
The Nilamata knows the sacred site of Bhimadevi in conjunction with 
the Suresvari Tirtha which we shall next visit, and in the Haracarita¬ 
cintamani it is named with the seven springs of Theda. The Tirtha 
of Bhimadevi is no longer known, but may be located with some pro¬ 
bability at the fine spring near Ddmpor marked now by a Muhammadan 
shrine. 
I Gupakar may go back to a form # Gup^gar, with assimilation of g to the 
preceding tenuis. In Ks. the hardening of g to fe is by no means unknown, see 
Dr. Grierson’s remarks, Z.D.M.G., 1., p. 3. * GupQgdr could easily be traced back to 
Gnpdgrahara through Pr. forms like # Gupagrdr. 
* See Rdjat. ii. 135 note. 
8 Atn^i-Akb., ii. p. 361. 
