162 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OP KASHMIR. 
[Extra No. 2, 
wood of the six Arliats ’). Tliis place is mentioned by Kalhana as the 
residence of the great Buddhist teacher Nagarjuna. 1 The name Harvan 
may well be derived from Sadarhadvana, but in the absence of other 
evidence the identification cannot be considered as certain. On the 
hill-side south of the village I observed already in 1888 fragments of 
ornamented bricks. Since then remarkable remains of ancient brick- 
pavements have come to light on occasion of excavations made for the 
new Srinagar waterworks. 
Proceeding further up the valley of the stream which comes from 
the Mar Sar lake, we reach, at a distance of about three miles from the 
Dal, the village of Triphar. Evidence I have discussed elsewhere, 
makes it quite certain that it is the ancient Tripuresvara (Tripuresa). 2 
The latter is repeatedly mentioned as a site of great sanctity by Kalhana 
as well as in the Nilamata and some Mahatmyas. But it has long ago 
ceased to be a separate pilgrimage place. A little stream known as the 
Tripuragahga near Triphar is, however, still visited as one of the stations 
on the Mahadeva pilgrimage. 
Ksemendra in the colophon of his DaSavataracarita refers to the 
hill above Tripuresa as the place where he was wont to find repose and 
where he composed his work. In Zain-ul-‘abidin’s time Tripuresvara 
seems yet to have been a Tirtha much frequented by mendicants. 3 
Tripuresvara too possessed its shrine of Jyesthesvara, and to this King 
Avantivarman retired on the approach of death. 4 A legend related by 
the S'arvavatara connected the site of Tripuresvara with the defeat of 
the demon Tripura by S'iva and with the latter’s worship on the 
neighbouring peak of Mahadeva. I have not been able to examine 
the site and am hence unable to state whether there are any ancient 
ruins near it. 
The whole mountain-ridge which stretches to the south of Triphar 
and along the Dal, bore in ancient times the name of S'ridvara . 5 On 
the opposite side of the Valley rises the great peak of Mahadeva to a 
height of over 13,000 feet. Numerous references to it in the Nilamata, 
S'arvavatara, and other texts, show that it was in old times just as now 
frequented as a Tirtha. 
We may now again descend the valley towards the north shore of 
the Dal. On our way we pass close to Harvan the village of Tsatsa where 
the convenience of modern worshippers has located a substitute for the 
1 See Rajat. i. 173 note. 
8 Compare Rajat. v. 46 note. 
8 See S'riv. i. 402. 
4 See Rajat. v. 123 note. 
8 See Rajat, viii, 2422. 
