198 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF KAS'MIR. [Extra No. 2, 
tions great religious buildings-only in Jayapura and not in Dvaravati. 
The latter is, indeed, referred to only in connection with the foundation 
of Jayapura and does not appear ever to have been a place of import¬ 
ance. We can thus understand why its original name Dvaravati and 
its subsequent designation ‘ Outer Castle ’ have both completely dis¬ 
appeared. The distance between the island and the opposite lake shore 
being only about four hundred yards at the narrowest point, the name 
of the far more important ‘ Inner Castle ’ was naturally extended also 
to this outlying suburb. 
The term Icotta which Kalhana repeatedly applies to Jayapura, and 
which is contained also in its popular designation, is justified by its 
position surrounded on all sides by water. 1 The limited extent of the 
island precludes the belief of Jayapura ever having been a populous 
place. But it retained a certain importance far longer than Parihasa- 
pura and served occasionally as a royal residence even in late times. 
Queen Kota, the last of the Hindu rulers of Kasmir, retired to Jayapura, 
and there she was murdered by her husband, the adventurer Shalimir 
(a.d. 1339). 2 Zainu-l-‘abidm restored the town which had fallen into 
decay and built there a new palace on the lake-shore. s 
We have no distinct information as to the old course which the 
Vitasta followed in the neighbourhood of Jayapura previous to Avanti- 
varman’s regulation. If our views on the subject as above indi¬ 
cated are right, the main channel of the river must then have passed 
through the marshes west of Jayapura. Notwithstanding the change 
subsequently effected, Jayapida’s town did not lose its convenient access 
to river communication. The great canal known as Nor which, as we 
saw, is in reality nothing but an old river-bed, runs but a short distance 
to the south-west of And^rkoth. A branch of it which is much used by 
boats even at the present day though not shown on the map, passes still 
actually along the old Ghats on the south side of the And^rkoth island. 
It seems probable that Jayapura owed its preservation from the fate of 
Parihasapura in part at least to the retention of a convenient waterway. 
In Abu-l-Fazl’s time And^rkoth gave its name to a separate small 
Pargana. 
123. From the marshy tracts south of the Yolur which we have 
approached at And^rkoth, we may return once 
more to Par^spor. Crossing the swamps 
formed west of the Par^spor plateau by the 
District of Bhangila; 
Pattana. 
1 Rdjat. iv. 506, 512; vii. 1625. Srlvara, iv. 540, 545, applies to Jayapura the 
expression durga, ‘ fort.’ 
2 See Jonar. 300. 
8 See S'riv. i. 250 sqq. 
