66 
L. A. Waddell— Place and River-Names in Sikhim , fyc [No. 2, 
where absent in the written Tibetan*; thus tsa-duk becomes 
tsan-duk. 
Nar-seng = T sna, a nose -f seng, uplifted. ‘ The uplifted 
nose,’ descriptive of the appearance of the mountain as seen 
from lower Sikhim. 
Fa-li-lung = pha-li, a large shield + lung, wind = 
1 the shield of the winds.’ This high ridge tends to shield 
lower Sikhim from the S. W. monsoon. 
Ri-nak ( Ang . Rhenock) = 5.’ rl, a hill + 3)E] nag, black. The 
soil of this hill is a very black humus. 
c\ ^ 
RI-tse {Ang. Rishi) = A’ ri -f rtse, summit = ‘ the hill top; ’ 
the path leads over the top of the hill. 
Chhorten-gang = mclihod rten, a chaitya -f sgang = ‘ the chaitya 
ridge.’ 
Po-ga gang = Po-ga, the sal tree + sgang = ‘ the ridge of sal trees ’. 
c\ r 
Ri-SUM = M n -f #sum, three = ‘ the three hills’; at this 
site three ridges unite. 
Ri-zhap {Ang. Rishap) = X’ n + zhaps, a foot = a site at 
foot of the Himalayas. 
Lung-thu {Ang. Lingtu) = 31^’ lung, a mountainous valley -f SIX’ 
thur, a steep descent. This mountain presents an unusually 
steep descent to the valleys. Many of the Bhotiyas call this 
hill Lung-tong i. e., ‘ the deserted mountain valley.’ 
Pang-ka-sha-ri {Ang. Pankhasari) = spang, pasture + ^TjQ’ 
ka-sha, a kind of grass + ri. ‘ ka-sha pasture-land.’ 
Da -LING = mdah, an arrow + pling. A subconical (arrow¬ 
head like) hill. Formerly a strong frontier fort of the Bhotanese. 
Bar-nya {Ang. Barmi) = 7ibar, burned + #nyah, a 
neck : * the burned saddle or spur ’. 
Pahdriyd Mountain-Names. 
The Pahariyas generally accept the Lepcha and Bhotiya mountain- 
names. Amongst the exceptions are the following :— 
* Examples of this in Sikhimite are :— min-da , a gnn, for the Tibetan me-dah. 
min-tok, a flower „ „ me-tok. 
mingo , not wanted „ „ mi-go. 
gydm, fat „ „ gyak. 
And in Tsang-pa dialect of Tibetan an n is frequently inserted where the 
following syllable has, as in this case, an initial d ; e. g. :— 
gan-de (= good) spelt dga-tde. 
tshan-de (= hot) „ tska-Me. 
