1891.] Karl Marx —Documents relating to the history of Ladakh. 
125 
under tlie feet of (the images of) the (four) Lords. Again, by building 
the temple to the (four) Lords he obtained power over the demon that 
turns back hostile armies. 1041 He invited the veritable Buddha whose 
name was Ch’os-je Ldan-ma from Di-k’ung (Lamasery) 106 , and then built 
the Lamasery called Gang-ngon-ta-shis-ch’os-dzong. 106 He made the 
rule regarding the number of children that were to be sent by every 
village to become Lamas, 107 and introduced the doctrine of the Dub- 
gyud. 103 At the spot, where the Lamasery is seen (for the first time), 
Ladakh, Turks of Central Asia. I am informed, however, that here exists a 
people in Tibet itself, somewhere between Ladakh and Lhasa, and occupying a con¬ 
siderable tract of country, called by the same name. 
104 This sentence occurs in B MS. only, where there is i. e., 
(see Jaschke, Diet.). I am not quite confident as to the correctness of my transla¬ 
tion here, but if Ej means ‘the hostile army,’ and not the army of the 
country ‘ operating at the frontier ’ I think it could not be rendered differently. 
105 Jt gives its name to a special Order of Lamas of the ‘ red’ persuasion. (Koep- 
pen II, 78.—Schl.’s information—Buddhism in Tibet, p. 74,—as to this sect is in¬ 
correct.) The head of the lamasery of Di-k’ung is a Ch’os-je. 
o 
106 Proper name of the lamasery at P’i-yang eight miles west of 
Leh, vulgarly called Sgangon Gon-pa. 
107 Tib. ‘tax of children to be made Lamas.’—Under the old 
regime every family of more than one or two male children, had to give up one, not 
the eldest however, to be made Lama. Now, of course, this tax is no longer com¬ 
pulsory, and hence the great falling off in the number of Lamas. The Lama- 
child Tsun-ch’ung stays at home until his 8th year, wearing the red 
garment and red or yellow cap from the first. Then he goes to a lamasery, or is 
apprenticed to a Lama, in order to receive his primary education, until he reaches his 
14th or 15th year, being all this time called Tsun-ch’uug. Then he goes 
to Lhasa, where his studies get their finishing touch. After a sojourn there of 
one or two years or longer,—now under the name of Ge-ts’ul—on passing 
«o 
an examination conducted by the Head Lama of the respective lamasery, he is 
baptized and thereby made a Ge-long Then he usually returns to his 
own country in order to perform there the functions of a village priest or to enter 
one of the Lamaseries, where special duties await him. 
K B .—There is an error prevalent regarding the dress of Lamas, which is pro¬ 
pagated even by Sir Monier Williams in his recent book on Buddhism, viz., that the 
dress of Lamas of the ‘red’ persuasion is red, that of the ‘yellow ’ persuasion, yel¬ 
low. This is not so. The dress of both the ‘ red ’ and ‘ yellow ’ Lamas is red (with 
the exception of one special order of Lamas belonging to the Ge-ldan-pa, who, 
to my knowledge, only exist in Zangs-kar, whose dress also is yellow); but Lamas 
of the ‘ red ’ persuasion also wear caps and scarfs round their waist red, whilst in 
case of the ‘ yellow ’ Lamas these and these only are yellow. 
L08 ‘ Treatise on Esoteric Doctrine.’ 
