126 Karl Marx —Documents relating to the history of Ladakh. [No. 3, 
ho suspended a long prayer-flag. Whosoever, whether thief or liar, 
in short, any one guilty of offence against the king’s palace or life, 109 if 
he escaped to this spot, should be rid of his crime. Again, he 
presented to the Di-k’ung, Sa-skya, li0 Ge-lclau, Lha-sa (and) Sam-yas 111 
(lamaseries) cushions, gold-water, long prayer-flags, (tea for) tea gene¬ 
rals, 112 (all) an hundred-wise, etc. He also caused a Ka-gyur and Stan- 
gvur to be copied besides many other (religious) books and erected 
many ch’ortens. 
(He was succeeded by) the incarnate 118 king (XX), T’se-wang-nam- 
GYAL (who) was invited to assume the royal functions. He, when quite 
a young man yet, already went to war. He conquered (all the country) 
from Ngam-ring 114 in the east downwards hither, (viz.,) Lo-wo, Pu-rang, 
Gu-ge, etc. ; to the south (his conquests were) Dzum-lang 115 audNyung- 
ti ; 116 in the west (they included) Shi-kar 117 and K’a-(s)kar 118 . He also 
said, he would make war against the Turks north (of Ladakh), but the 
people of Nub-ra 119 petitioned him and he desisted. He brought the 
109 I. e., crimen Icesce majestatis , though in a wider sense than usually accepted. 
110 Sa-skya, lamasery of ‘red’ Lamas. (Sir Monier Williama, p. 448.) It gives 
its name to the Sa-skya-pa Order. This Order is represented in Ladakh by the 
Masho Lamasery (South of the Indus, near He-mi). 
HI Ge-ldan, Lha-sa and Sam-yas are lamaseries at or near Lhasa, belonging to 
the ‘yellow ’ persuasion. As to Ge-ldan or Ga-ldan see Sir Monier Williams, 1. c., p. 
441.—Lha-sa = La-dang + Te-wa-shung or q) 
-O 
/ ^ 
+ Jo-k’ang (F'PV = house of the Jo-wo). See Sir Monier Williams, 1. c., 
p. 440.— Sam-yas : id., p. 448. 
112 Gold-water,— i. e., gold finely divided by prolonged trituration, suspended in 
water, extensively used for gold-washing the images. ‘ Tea generals,’ see id., p. 330. 
113 He is supposed to have been an incarnation of Ch’ag-na-do-ye (Vajra-pani). 
HI 1 Ngam-ring: on the road from Lhasa to Ladakh, 21 marches this side of 
Lhasa. It is likely, that the three districts Lo-wo, Pu-rang and Gu-ge here are 
enumerated in succession, as they follow each other from east to west. Hence it 
would appear, that Lo-wo is the most easterly part of Nga-ris-skor-sum. 
11& Dzum-lang, not known. May be identical with Jumla (Map of Turkistan) in 
Nepal. 
116 Comp, note 36. 
117 = Shi-gar, large village in Baltistan. (See Drew, Northern Barrier, p. 210). 
118 K’a-(s)kar (Tib. preceding in Ladakh is frequently pro¬ 
nounced like s) may be Skardo. There certainly is a Kashkar (Chitral) further west, 
but it is very improbable, that the Ladakh empire ever should have extended so far. 
119 Trade with Chinese Turkistan is almost essential to the welfare of Nub-ra. 
It is in Nub-ra, that all the caravans going to, or coming from, Yarkand obtain 
their supplies for man aird beast. Consequently most grown-up people in Nub-ra 
know the Turk! language fairly well. 
