28 
[No. J, 
S. 0. Das — Antiquity of Chittagong. 
to have been brought from India the foundation of Lamaism. Its 
shape is essentially that of the ordinary cap used in the colder parts of 
India during the winter, with lappets coming over the cap and the nape 
of the neck, which lappets are folded up as an outer brim to the cap in 
the'hot part of the day. Such a cap is often worn by Indian ascetics 
when travelling in the winter time. It is quite probable that this kind 
of cap was introduced either by Padma Sambhana, panti Raksita or 
Ati^a (Dipamkara) into Tibet from Magadha. From the account of the 
origin of the Pan-zva rise rih (called in Waddell’s list Panchen snerih) 
quoted from Pagsam Jon-zah, it appears that the Buddhist Yogis and 
Pandits used caps either during their residence in the monastery or at 
the time of travel. It is very probable that the cap originated in 
Udyana, the country from which both Padma Sambhana and Balapada 
came. The latter or earlier Buddhist Pandits who visited Catigrama 
must have introduced the use of caps among the Buddhist Pandits who 
were called Mahantas. Pilgrims from Ka^ir and the Panjab still visit 
Sitakunda which has been a holy place both to the Brahmans and 
Buddhists from very early time. In describing Panchen snerih Dr. 
Waddell observes:—It is only worn with these longtails by the Dalai 
Lama and Panchen Lama, the Gahdan Khri-rinpo-che, and the Tibetan 
Lama King or regent, during the assembly mass and empowering. 
Pan-zva rise rih, 14> that is the Pandits cap with long or pointed top is 
generally made with the top point bent a little like a thorn of a rose, 
symbolical of penetration and piercing. 
The name Pandita Vihara and the story of disputation with the 
Tirthilcas (Brahmanas) goes to show that Chittagong was place of 
learning sixteen centuries ago if not earlier still. 
1* Pan-zva rise rih means the long pointed cap of the Pandits. Pan or Panchen, 
means great Pandits, zva cap, rise ‘ point’ (Skt. agra ), and rih * long.’ 
