41 
1898.] G. A. Grierson — On the Kdgmiri Noun. 
mglis sdlin civ, he came with his father; bayis suty myul u , 
he met with his brother ; mdlyan sutin , with the fathers. 
In this case it is always implied that the person who is accompanied 
is the principal and he who accompanies, is the appendage (iv. 185). 
Thus ‘ he came with his father ’ means here that he came in a 
subordinate character (iv. 185). 
If it is wished to reverse the superiority of the parties we must 
use the word ^T«l sdn. Thus ^HT mdlis sdn dv. he came 
with his father, means ‘ he brought his father along with him/ If 
sutin had been used, it would have meant that the father brought 
the son along with him (iv. 185). 
Agent. 
The case of the Agent is formed in the Singular as follows :— 
(1) In the case of Masc. nouns ending in consonants by adding 
^•T an; thus day , God ; Ag. sg. day an. In the 
older forms of the language the suffix was ^ t; e. g., 
^ day • dgp u , by God it was said, God said. The 
modem phrase would be day an dgp u (ii. i. 68)^ 
(2) In the case of Masculine nouns (except pronouns) ending in 
a, the same suffixes appear. Thus from dya/c®, a 
forehead; Ag. sg. dyakan, or (old) dele' (58). 
Pronouns take i-mdtrd in the masc. sg., e.g., frfw tarn », by 
him, (58). 
(3) In the case of Masculine nouns ending in u-mdtrd , i-mdtrd 
is substituted for u-mdtrd. Thus, kay u , a bracelet; 
Ag. sg. kar 1 (56). 
(4) In the case of Masculine nouns ending in u-mdtrd, by adding 
•T n; e.g., from dan 11 , a pomegranate; Ag. sg* ^t*r 5 T 
dgn^n. [I^ara-kaula gives no rule for forming the agent 
of these nouns, but the above is the correct form.] 
(5) In the case of Feminine nouns ending in a, by substituting 
i (which is fully pronounced, and not i-mdtrd) for a: e.g., 
J. i. 6 
