1898.] 
43 
G. A. Grierson —On the Kagmirl Noun. 
Instrumental. 
The Instrumental is formed by adding satin or saty to 
the Agent, the final n of Masculine nouns in consonants, a, or u-matrH 
being elided, (ii. i. 4, 59.). Thus— 
mid, a root; Ag. sg. mulan; Instr. sg. ^ mul a 
stytin, by means of a root; Ag. pi. mulan; Instr. pi. 
mulau stytin. 
When ^ffTST sutin follows i-matra, the i is fully pronounced (6). 
Thus qhc kgr u , a bracelet; Ag. sg. kar 1 ; Instr. sg. 
kari satin. 
This case can also be formed by adding the same postposition to 
the agent case of the masculine genitive treated as an independent base, 
as explained above (61). Thus ^ dyak a , a forehead; masc. gen. sg. 
dyakuk «; Agent of ditto, dyakak »; Instr. ^ dyak a 
stytin or ?sf<T*r dyakaki sutin . 
So from gur u , a horse. Ag. sg. ajfV; gur* ; Gen. Sg. jfr; 
gur* sand u ; Instr. fftx guri satin , or yfc gur' x sandi 
sutin. 
4 
Locative 2. 
The Locative 2 has the meaning of 1 from in,’ and is formed 
by adding the postposition andr a to the Agent, (n being dropped in 
the case of masculines in consonants, and a, and u-mdtrd.) Thus, from 
an; gar a , a house; Ag. sg. JT^sr garan ; Loc. 2, sg. 3IT gar a andr a , 
from in the house; ag. pi. ar^t garau; Loc. 2, pi. ar^ garau andr a , 
(ii. i. 57). 
Examples of the use of this case are ape gar a andr a an 
bring out from the house, lit. bring from in the house. 
jfX srrsr gar a andar a cliuh jan ldk a , among the people 
in (lit. from in) the house, (only) so and so is good. 
arc! *3? ^TJT«T garau andr a cliuh jan agun, the only good 
thing iu the houses is the court-yard. ... 
