1898.] G. A. Grierson —On Primary Suffixes in Kagmlri. 
205 
In all the above it will be seen that the essential meaning of the 
verb is active. A conch for reading means a couch for reading some¬ 
thing,— e.g ., a book,— and the verb is not changed whatever the gender 
of the object may be. Thus puth\ a book, is feminine, but we 
still say 
^ qfsf (or fqrrr W yih putlri x (or yith yotlie) 
paranas hyut u prayg , a couch for reading this book. 
We may also use the dative of other verbal nouns in the same 
way. Thus, fai<T isefanas hyut u or (No. 30 d.) f%«T tsetas 
(masc.) Jcyut u , for grinding to powder; f%rT grazanas kyut' w or 
(No. 31 g.) ufoT faff grazi (fem.) kyut u , for roaring. 
But if the verb is used passively then it agrees with the subject in 
gender, and the form is no longer substantival but adjectival. Thus, 
‘ a book for reading ’ means ‘ a book for being read,’ and we must say,— 
qf«I varan hits'* vuth 1 . 
On the other hand we say paranas hits* euk % be¬ 
cause the phrase means a chair for reading, and not a chair for being 
read. 
Note that when the verb is used passively, it is in the form of the 
nominative feminine, not in the accusative, although preceding fqrq hits*. 
We may also use the nominative masculine before f%<T hyut u 
(ix. i. 22, 23) when the verb is used passively. Thus qqq (or 
| " 
or xpc«r) qqnq parun u (or parun or pargn u ) hyut u postukh (masc. 
■N. ^ ^ 
sg.), a book for reading. We thus get the following adjectival forms 
when the verb is used passively,— 
Masc. Sg. faRrj qqW paran u hyut w postukh , a book for 
reading:. 
(We cannot say qr*r qif pargn u hyut w prayg, a couch for 
^ 's 
reading). 
Masc. PI. f%f?T qpsf ranW hit 1 hakh , vegetables for 
cooking. 
Fem. Sg. qfq parah hits* piith *, a book for reading. 
