214 
G. A. Grierson —On Primary Svffixes in Kdgmiri. 
[No. 3, 
TOT?; phyar, strain (liquid). 
mar , beat. 
sor , remember. 
Thus, optional abstract noun, ^TT car, tieing tightly. 
(j) l (ix. ii. 18). 
tsel , force inside (active). 
W*T tshal , cheat. 
z a l , scrape. 
?fr^r ZoZ, weigh. 
dal, split (active) 
mel, meet. 
Thus, optional abstract noun, £$£Z, forcing inside. 
( k ) ^ w; (ix. ii. 19). 
y 
zuv, live. 
^ duv , sweep. 
cTT^ Zdr, heat, 
scj^ woJiav, curse. 
These optionally form their abstract nouns in 3 v. Thus, 5T^ znv y 
life ; wohav , cursing. 
(Z) ^ s (ix. ii. 20). 
ras , be juicy. 
h a sav, incite. 
Thus, ^ ras, juiciness ; to h a s, inciting. 
(m) ^ h (ix. ii. 21, 22). 
JT^ g a h , grind. 
TO ts a h , suck. 
TO g a h, grinding; TO[ ts a h, sucking. The former also makes TO 
gas , grinding. 
31. - (fern.). Several verbs optionally drop all suffixes to 
form feminine abstract nouns. In such cases, roots ending in hard 
consonants aspirate them in the nominative singular. These roots are 
classed according to their final letters. 
