338 M. M. Chakravarti— Language and literature of Orissa. [No. 4, 
ties. These modifications might be considered as minor tunes, and fall 
roughly under two denominations: — 
( 1 ) Bams 
(2) Brttas (2tT). 
The difference in musical notation between the two classes I can¬ 
not say. Some of the ragas slightly modified are occasionally treated as 
Banis such as Cakrakeli (^3i3ifo3), Asarhasukla 
Kalasfi (^»o 3^JT), etc. But the bulk of the Banis are evidently derived 
from favourite songs such as Munibara (gfwc), Rukmani Cautisa 
Biprasimlia Cautisa Jadu- 
simha Cautisa Gopajibana Cautisa ( 
Chapo-i (WTtli), etc. Brttas are similarly derived from 
favourite songs or poems such as Abakasa Brtta €t}), Dhaga 
Brtta (^"JI ^ff), Bhagabata Brtta (VTJI^rT Iti), Krsnakaja Brtta 
etc. 
In the latter part of the Mahomedan rule, the up-country music was 
gradually introduced into Orissa. The talas or time-beating thus came 
into use. I find in the Vicitra Ramayana 1 one tala named as Adim 
Gm^ir 3[TfapC), which looks like an Urdu or Persian name. 
The well-known tala Khemta (^^r) is also mentioned in the above 
poem. 2 This appears to me to have been introduced before the 
Mahomedan conquest, and then apparently from the South. The 
Khemta was known to Jagannatha Dasa who refers to it thus in his 
Bh agabata: — 
*!T% Jfm jtu; | 
% ^T*r, 3TS n n 
10th Skandha, 19th Adhyaya, Printed Ed., p. 117. 
(Speaking of the G5pa boys and their sports says) “ some ran sing¬ 
ing to the Khemta tala, and some ran roaring like lions.” 
RELIGIOUS POEMS. 
Along with the songs, the Oriya religious poems are among the 
earliest. They had their origin in the religious yearnings of the 
people. When Sanskrit, the depositary of all sacred and mytholo¬ 
gical informations, became a dead language, it naturally failed to 
satisfy the desires of the populace, flence translations into vernaculars 
came to be necessary, and numerous attempts were made to meet the 
popular demands. Such attempts must have been made from an early 
1 Sundara Eanda, 9th Chanda. 
2 Adya Kanda, 7th Chanda ; Laqka Kanda, 27th Ch. 
