1898.] M. M. Chakravarti —Language and literature of Orissa. 353 
disciples made numerous converts in Orissa who now pass as Gauriyas, 
and further more created a religious ferment that gave rise to several 
subsects, such as Atibaris, Bindudharis, Kabirajis, Kalindi Vaisnavas, 
and others. All of them accept the dual type (Radha-Krsna) as their 
fundamental doctrine. 
This change in the popular religious feelings acted on the poets. 
The songs were influenced quickly as they needed little learning and 
represented the first ebullitions. The chief poets were affected more 
slowly, because all of them knew Sanskrit, and the Bhagavata and 
Harivamca were silent about Radha. The earlier poets Dinakrsna, 
Upendra Bhanja, and Bhaktacarana dealt but little about her. In 
Dinakrsna’s Rasakallola, Radha is named only in three places. 1 
Upendra Bhanja rarely mentions her in his voluminous compositions. 
In Mathura-Maqgala two cantos are devoted to Radha (28th and 29th) ; 
but otherwise she is mentioned in three places only. In Bhupati 
Pandita’s Premapancamrta, the divine importance of Radha had 
been fully established, but other Gopis are still given some prominence. 
In the two latest poets, Sadananda Kavisuryabrahma, and Abhimanyu 
Samantasimliara, Radha-worship superseded even Krsna, and the 
other Gopis sank into insignificance. Their poems are full of her 
praises. 
The other tendency in the selection of the subject-matter was 
towards fiction, purely imaginary stories as distinguished from the my¬ 
thological. This fictional element was less strong, and appeared later both 
in Sanskrit and Vernacular. Imaginary tales were usually of two kinds, 
viz.j a collection of short tales stringed together by a slight connecting 
thread, or a continuous story with a hero and a heroine. In Sanskrit 
several examples of the first kind may be found, such as the Pancatantra 
and its variant the Hitopadepa, the Brhatkatlia (as known in the 
version Kathasaritsagara), and Da^akumaracarita, with which may 
be compared the Buddhistic Jataka stories and the Sanskrito*Bud- 
dhistic Avadanakalpalata. In Oriya such a type is wanting. The 
nearest approach to it is to be found in Dinakrsna’s Pratapasindhu 
which is a collection of maxims and short stories like the Pancatantra. 
The other kind which is best exemplified in Sanskrit by Subandhu’s 
Vasavadatta and Bana’s Kadambari, found a more fruitful soil in 
Oriya. Upendra Bhanja composed some twenty romances, while the 
one, (for enjoyment) they appeared before in two separate bodies. They two have 
now appeared in one named Caitanya. Him, so full of Radha’s sentiments and 
brightness, and so filled with Krsna’s attributes, I salute. ” 
1 Rasakallola 10th Ch. 1. 10 (of. Is. 1-16); 20th Ch. 1. 18 (cf. 1-24); 31st Ch, 
1. 1, (cf. Is. 1-18 30th Ch.). 
J. i. 45 
