378 M. M. Chakravarti —Language and literature of Orissa. [No. 4, 
successors, and the successful invasion by the Yavanas, in the time of 
(Jobhanadeva, are (mixed up with the early Gupta rule) simply the 
raids into Orissa by the Mussulmans in the thirteenth and following 
centuries, and the ultimate conquest of the country by them in the 
sixteenth century A.D.” (p. 339). After having so satisfactorily 
established the utter worthlessness of the earlier part of the annals, 
it is a pity that Dr. Fleet should make such an elaborate inference on 
one of the least authentic events of that earlier part. I am inclined 
to disbelieve the whole story of Raktavahu the Yavana, as a legend 
without any historical value. If any identification be at all required, 
I would rather identify him with some Buddhist or Jaina chief of the 
South. 
Lastly, Dr. Fleet thinks that fivagupta and his descendants were 
kings of a dominion which included “ probably the whole of Orissa,” 
and who had their capitals at Kataka (p. 327). This conclusion does 
not appear to be borne out by the facts. The epithet “ Trikaliqgadhi- 
pati ” is merely an honorific title, just as the old kings of Orissa used 
to style themselves “ kings of Gaura and Karnata ” without having 
the smallest bit of land in those countries. The word Kataka should be 
taken as a common noun denoting “ camp the old name of modern 
town Kataka being “ Baranasi Kataka.” 1 Of the six copper-plates, five 
have, no doubt, been found near modern Kataka ; but this is probably 
due to the fact that the donees lived there or subsequently came to 
live there. Many Oriya Brahmins living near Kataka and Puri still 
hold lands in the eastern part of Central Provinces, or in the northern 
part of Madras Presidency. The sixth copper-plate was found in Patna 
in the Central Provinces, and does not support the theory of Orissa king- 
ship. The river Mahanadi has been mentioned in copper-plates E. andF., 
but that river flows as much through the Central Provinces as through 
Orissa. The villages in which the lands were granted cannot be 
traced in Orissa ; while many of them have been specifically mentioned 
in the grants to have been in Kosala or Daksina-Kosala. The kings 
also are specifically mentioned in the inscriptions as “ Kosalendra.” The 
inscriptions are not earlier than the lltli and belong more probably to the 
12th Century A.D.; and at that time the Gaggavam^a kings were ruling 
in Orissa, as a series of inscriptions have proved beyond doubt. All 
these facts and a careful reading of the grants lead me to the conclusion 
that f ivagupta and his descendants were really kings of Kosala or 
Daksina-Kosala (identifiable with the N. E. part of Central Provinces), 
1 J. A. S. B. Vol. LXII., 1893, pp. 100-1 ; the other inscriptions in this article 
show how the word “ kataka ” was used in old days; Vol. LXIV, 1895, p. 134. 
