60 W. Theobald —Karshapana Coinage. [No. 2, 
12 
R. 
probably meant. On these coins however a snake is the object 
intended, and on a copper coin of my own (486) the snake is 
made to enter the ‘ Stupa ’ above, just as the stalk enters a 
leaf. 
On the left of the ‘ Stupa’ the ‘Swastika’ occurs, with the arms 
13 
R. 
bent to the right. 
Below the ‘ Swastika ’ is a ‘food-altar’ of which three forms are 
• 
1 
seen on these coins. The most usual is that of a flower-pot, 
supported on a short stem. T.P., XIX, fig. 16, which stem is 
often exchanged for a long pole, fig. 18 of the same plate. 
Another form with a bifid curved base is given in T.P., XLIV, 
fig. 4, and A.I.,V, figs. 1 and 2. This form of ‘ altar ’ consists 
of an X with a long cross-bar at the top and a shorter one 
at the intersection of the limbs of the X. 
The chief innovation on these coins is the substitution of a T. for 
a Chattra (No. 70) and the curved stem of the Food altar or receptacle 
(No. 148). 
With regard to my identification of No. 10 with the Deodar, a few 
words may be said. The same type of tree occurs on some of the coins 
of the Yaudheyas, A I., VI, fig. 9, where it is described (p. 78), as the 
“ Bodhi tree.” Now my reason for the above identification is that the 
peculiar horizontal branches spreading out from the trunk, very faith¬ 
fully convey the idea of the Himalayan Cedar, rather than any other 
tree, though in a conventional manner. It was moreover a tree which 
must have been familiar to the inhabitants of the districts bordering 
the Sutlej, many of whom must have entered the hills for business or 
devotional purposes and have been struck with the noble trees of that 
species which covered the hills; the importance moreover attaching 
to the tree is proved by one of the names of Siva, being ‘ Kedare^vara ’ 
or ‘ Lord of Cedars.’ 
According to Sir Emerson Tennent, the ‘Bodhi tree’ of Ceylon 
was the ‘ Pipal ’ (Ficus religiosa) which is not among those capable of 
identification on the coins; On the coins of the ‘ Audumbaras ’ two 
perfectly distinct trees are identified by Sir A. Cunningham as the 
Audumbara Fig tree (Ficus glomerata), namely, A.I., IV, figs. J 
and 2 and No. 255 of this paper. It would seem therefore that 
Sir A. Cunningham applied the term ‘ Bodhi tree ’ indiscriminately 
to any tree depicted on a Buddhist coin, and this raises the question 
whether any attempt was made on the coins to represent any parti¬ 
cular species of tree. Now without wishing to imply that every 
type of tree represented on the coins was intended to represent a 
separate species, still I think a limited number of trees may be identi¬ 
fied both on the coins and Sculptures. First comes the Deodar on the 
coins of the Kunindas and Yaudheyas. Then the Vine is easily to be 
