1901.] W. Theobald —Copper Coins of Ancient India. 75 
f l 
.110 
1 
j • , 
... 
• • • 
0. 
Two snakes conjugated in a circle. The extremities 
of both snakes project outwards from the central 
circle. J.B., XLIX, VII, fig. 9. Also A.I., VII, 
fig. 11. On coins of Panchala. 
111 
• • • 
• • • 
R. 
A crab in a ring bordered exteriorly with six inverted 
crescents. N.G., X, fig. 85. 
112 
/ 
R. 
A ‘Conch’ shell ( Turbinella). A.I., VI, fig. 8. 
Yaudheyas. 
A shell is an emblem common to Hindus and Bud¬ 
dhists. 
• • • 
• • • 
0. 
N.Gr., XI, fig. 105. Andhras. 
It is remarkable that no representation of the 
‘ Salagram’ or Ammonite is to be seen on the coins. 
4 
TREES. 
The trees represented on these coins fall naturally into seven prin¬ 
cipal groups. 
1. Trees with ‘ paddle-shaped ’ or more or less cordate branches. 
2. Trees with simple or compound trifoliate or tricuspid branches. 
3. Trees with upright tapering pinnate stems ; but unbranched. 
4. Trees with horizontal spreading branches, the uppermost some¬ 
times being the biggest. 
5. Palms. 
, 6. Unsymmetrically branched trees. 
7. Thorny stems or simple branches. 
These trees may or may not be surrounded below by railed bases or 
mounds; with three to five (or more) upright divisions or “rails ” and 
two or three (or more) horizontal tiers; and these bases may be 
adorned at their corners by either ‘ Chattras ’ or ‘ Taurines ’ placed 
either on the top corners of the base, or on either side of the base 
below. 
It is not too much, I think, to assume that each of the above types 
of trees was intended to represent a particular sort of tree, but to 
identify the tree is a matter of extreme difficulty. On the coins of the 
Odumbaras (A.I., IV, fig. 2) we may perhaps be justified in referring 
the tree represented thereon to the ‘ Odumbara ’ fig tree (Ficus glome- 
rata) whence the tribal name is derived, but assuredly there is nothing 
to guide us to that conclusion, on the coin itself. In like manner, 
where a tree is represented as springing up from the summit of a 
‘Stupa’ the top of which is more or less dilapidated, to make way for 
it, we may safely infer, from the known habits of the Pipal tree 
(Ficus religiosa) that the Pipal tree is intended, without other dis¬ 
tinguishing marks to guide us. In different parts of India, Ceylon 
and Burma, different Trees would probably be selected to adorn the 
