INTRODUCTION. 
— .» — . 
Remarks concerning the pronunciation of the 
Ladakhi Dialect. 
System of Romanizing .—To facilitate the printing no 
accentuated letters are used. All accents given in this 
book refer only to the stress. 
Consonants: A few remarks will suffice.— Sh — sh in 
English; zh = Erench /; j j in English ; c = e in 
Italian, when preceding i or e , that is — tsh ; oh being the 
aspiration of c , is pronounced more forcibly; ts = is; ths 
being the aspiration of ts is pronounced more forcibly. 
Vowels : They correspond exactly to the Italian ones. 
They are long if the stem ends in a vowel; short in all 
other cases. 
Tenuis , Tenuis aspirata ancl Media . 
The Ladakhi mediae, that is, g , d, b } dz and are, 
generally speaking, not different from the English equi¬ 
valents. 
As finals, the mediae g , d and b are sounded rather 
like &, t, p , for which reason in several dictionaries they 
have been written as such. I have not done this, because 
before all case endings they re-assume their medial nature. 
Thus mig is sounded mih , but in miggi> miggis , miggo, (for 
migld) the g sound is quite plain. 
The Ladakhi Tenues Aspiratae, that is, kk, th , ph , ths 
and chi exactly correspond to the English non-aspirated 
tenues, that is, to /r, t , p , ts and cli> 
The greatest difficulty of Ladakhi pronunciation rests 
with the unaspirated tenues, that is, with h > t , p> ts and e . 
