INTRODUCTION. 
o 
o 
bila , cat; pang pa = bungpa , vessel of clay ; kabza — 
gabza , handle. 
■Without a protection the normal pronunciation is 
retained— 
(а) with and c ; 
(б) with all non-Tibetan words, as kadar , care; 
tubag , gun ; turuka , Turk, etc.; 
(e) with dialectical words, the orthography of 
which was laid down only recently. We do 
not know which, now silent, letters might he 
hidden in them; such are kamakume , rheu¬ 
matism ; karkor , a dell, etc.; 
(cZ) with the causatives of the type kh = k . Thus, 
for instance, tonces> causative of thonces , 
shows the normal pronunciation of the 
This fact gives rise to the supposition, that 
in these causatives a silent s might be hidden. 
If this theory is right, these causatives would 
not he irregular but belong to the regular 
type kli = sk. 
Pronunciation of B . 
The normal pronunciation of r agrees with that of 
Hindostani r [ j ]. 
The pronunciation of r 9 preceding or following a con¬ 
sonant, is slightly different. 
B, when preceding a consonant, is pronounced rather 
like the German or French guttural r . This r when 
placed before g or k (but not before gy or ky ), generally 
associates with these letters to form the new sound ch 9 to 
be pronounced like ch in loch t a Scottish lake. 
