INTRODUCTION. 
5 
Principal laws of sound. 
(1) s -J- c = sh. 
Examples : nyiscu = nyishu , twenty. 
All verbs, the stems of which end in s, associate this s 
with the c of ces to form the ending shes. 
In the imperative ending shig the s of the imperative 
stem is contained, and the suffix cig . 
If the adjective suffix can , having, is added to a stem 
ending in s> shan is attained, 
i 
w s , muta, and r = shr. 
Mute are g, k, d, t, b and p. Examples: sgrungs = 
slirungs , tale; sdreces = shreces , mix ; sgrulces = shrulces , 
exercise ; = shr in, cloud; hair. 
(5) m&Za and r = r. 
Examples: sgrwigs = rungs, tale; brangngu = 
rangngu, fly ; agrigpa = rigces , make ready; dgra = m, 
enemy ; dpe-sgra = spe-ra , speech; help; 
snga-dro = snga>ro , morning; cZm^, six = in 
curug , sixteen, and gorug, ninety-six. 
(4) l as a final is often dropped. 
Examples: sZ<?Z = Zo, name of the capital of Ladakh; shel 
= name of a village ; rgyalpo = rgyapo , king ; 
= som, prayer; skyelba = skyaces , to transport. 
(5) sZms ending in a vowel add n. 
Examples: nyi ma — nyin, sun, day; die = mo, 
great; nyemo — nyen , near, friend; thsa-ba — thsan-te, 
hot; chung-ngu = chung-ngun , small; me-tog = mendog , 
flower. 
