THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
IT 
Examples. 
las, work. 
mi, man. 
Nom. 
las, or lasbo 
mi, or miho 
Acc. 
?5 J| 
Gen. 
lassi 
mix 
Instr. 
lassis, or lasdang 
mis, or mid'ang 
Dat. 
lasla 
mil a 
Log , 
lassi nangna , 
mii nangna 
and lasla 
and mila 
Ablat , 
las nas, or 
min as, mii 
lassi nangnas 
nangnas, or mii 
chogsnas 
Term , 
lasla 
mila, or mii tsa<. 
Use of the Cases. 
The Nominative. —This case takes no ending but the optional article,. 
The use of the nominative is more limited in Ladakhi than in most 
Aryan languages, because transitive verbs are construed with the instru¬ 
mental. The nominative is used then : 
1. For both subject and predicate in such sentences, the predicate of 
which is not a verb, and in which yod y in, dug, have, is, are; chen, to be¬ 
come ; song , been, become, etc., serve as copula. Examples: khangpa 
thonpo yod, the house is high; drongkyer dei nangna thsongpa mangpa 
dug, in that town are many merchants. 
2. As the grammatical subject of all intransitive verbs. Example : 
chu draggi nangnas ling dug, the water comes out of the rock. 
Note. —Beginners must take care not to consider all active verbs as transitive; 
active intransitive verbs, such as go, run, etc., must be construed with the nomi¬ 
native. Example : vga gyogspa drulte yongspin, I came, running fast. 
. 3 . The verbs to have, to get, to need, to desire, take the nominative for 
the thing needed, desired, etc. Example : ngala gonces slug yod, thobsong, 
rgoshes yod, I have, have received, need a coat. 
4. The nominative is used as vocative. Example : foge tsovo, 0 Lord ! 
wdkun, 0 you all! 
The Accusative .—This case takes no ending but the optional article. 14 
is used : 
c 
