14 
LADAKHI GRAMMAR. 
In many cases the dative points out the sufferer in the indirect 
passive formation (see Yerb, passive). Examples: ngala yasha corug, lam 
loved; khyi des mi zhigla thamstog , a man was bitten by the dog. 
The dative answers, moreover, the questions, ‘ where ? ’ and 1 where¬ 
to P * and has consequently assumed the functions of the terminative and 
locative. Examples : mi de lela charug, the man goes to Leh; ngai lagla 
berka zhig yod, in my hand is a stick. 
Note. — The word lagpa , hand, drops the article pa in the dative case. 
The suffix la, when added to an infinitive, means 1 for ’ or ‘ in order 
to.* Thus cocesla, in order to do it. (See Yerb, supine). 
The Locative .—Though people on the whole are not very discriminat© 
in distinguishing this case from the terminative in la, still it must be 
borne in mind that the terminative especially denotes motion to a place, 
and the locative rest in a place. 
The pure locative in na is practically not used in Ladakhi, but in its 
place either the dative or the locative postpotion nangna with the geni¬ 
tive. Example: khangpai nangna cogtse zhig yod, in the house is a table. 
Note 1.— The postposition nangna is, moreover, used to represent the prepositions 
* between ’ and * among,’ which really express a locative relation. Example : nyis- 
kai nangna Tchyad chenmo zhig yod , there is a great difference between the two. 
Note 2.—In some adverbs of place the locative ending na is used before the ter¬ 
minative ending ru, for instance inaru, here; anaru , denaru, there, also inanas , 
from here; ananas , from there, show the na . 
The Ablative. —The pure ablative, formed by adding nas to the stem, 
is more frequently met with than the pure locative. The termination 
besides being used with pronouns (adverbs) and numerals, is also used 
with substantives. Examples: ganas, from what ? anas, denas, from 
that, since; inas, from this, since; cignas, from a (or one) ; zhingnas, from 
the field. 
In many cases, however, the ablative is expressed by the postpositions 
nangnas, out of; dunnas, from the presence (of persons); chogsnas , from 
the direction of; khanas, from above; yognas, from below, etc. Examples : 
chui nangnas, out of the water; mii dunnas, from the man; tsangspoi 
chogsnas , from the river. 
The pure ablative in nas is used : 
1. With the postposition pharla, for, during. Example: lo mangponas 
pharla , for many years. 
