THE SUBSTANTIVE, 
15 
Note.— The postposition pharla is used if the action or condition, expressed by 
the verb, is progressive over the period. If a definite period be meant, then nonte 
(ionte) or sengste must be used. Thus lo mavgpo nonte , many years since, if the 
action is not progressive. 
2. Some verba have their object in the pure ablative, for instance, 
rgyalces, to conquer, and drices, to ask (but both may also have the dative). 
Examples : rggalpo dravonas rgyalsong, the king conquered the enemies; 
mi des nganas driva zhig dris, that man asked me a question. 
8. Very frequently the pure ablative is used to denote the locality from 
which something issues. Thus lenas, from Leh ; ladagnas from Ladakh ; 
khangpanas , from the house; namkhanas, from the sky (heaven) ; zhingnas 
from the field. 
4. To indicate the material of which a thing is made : shingnas, of 
wood ; sanas, of earth; Icagsnas , of iron. 
Note 1.— In some villages the ending nas is used instead of the na of the loca¬ 
tive, especially in the case of adverbs and postpositions. Thus nangnas (instead of 
nangna ), within ; gyabnas, behind ; inas, here ; anas , there. 
Note 2. —The ending nas is generally pronounced ncL 
The Terminative, —This case denotes the aim of an action as well aa 
the motion towards that aim or end. 
The true terminative, ending in ru, du, etc., is almost entirely lost in 
Ladakhi. Instead of it, the dative has come to be used. In certain cases, 
however, postpositions are preferred. Thus for motion towards persons or 
being near them, tsa, near. Instead of tsa the adverb deru, there, is also 
occasionally used. Example : abai tsa song or abaideru song, go to the 
father. 
The true terminative is found still: 
], With many pronouns, to form adverbs ; thus ini , here ; aru , there, 
thither; deru, there, thither ; zhanmaru , to the other; thsangmaru , to all ; 
garu, where, to which. 
2. A substantive which always uses the pure terminative is id, mind. 
Example : iddu borces, keep in mind. 
The Plural. 
The plural of Ladakhi has no ending or suffixes, but is indicated by 
words expressing the idea of multitude. The most frequently used of 
these words are the pronouns thsangma, thsanka, kun, sag, all; mangpo , 
many ; khacig, several, some, besides all„the numerals. All words denot¬ 
ing the plural must be placed after the word which they multiply, and 
