16 
LADAKHI GRAMMAR. 
have the case endings added to them. Example ; homo kunnis ( = gunnis) 
gonces thrus, the women washed clothes. 
thsangma, all, frequently takes the pronoun de, those, between itself 
and the substantive, thus mi de thsangma, all those people. 
Distinction between thsangma , thsangka , kun , all 
thsangma and thsangka mean 1 all ’ in a literal sense, if no person or 
thing is omitted. Example : sipa de thsangma shor, all the sepoys (every 
sepoy) ran away. 
kun means ‘ all,’ when a number of people is spoken of in a loose way. 
Example : sipa kun shor, the sepoys ran away (if possibly a few remained). 
kun is mostly used with living beings. 
thsangka in particular means altogether, thus ngazha thsangka , we 
altogether. 
Note.— thsangma is also used with the singular to denote the whole. Example : 
zhing de thsangmala chu ranrgos, the whole field must be irrigated. 
THE ADJECTIVE. 
Position. —If an adjective be joined to a substantive as its attribute, in 
ordinary language it usually stands after the substantive. Examples: 
sta rgyalla, the good horse; chu tsante, hot water. 
Idiomatically we find the adjective before its substantive in certain 
phrases. Examples : damhai chos, the holy religion; snganmai dus, the 
previous time ; zangpoi lugsla, in a good way. 
Especially those adjectives which denote names of nations are placed 
before the substantive, the i of the genitive being joined to the pure stem. 
Examples: boddi thrimsla, according to Tibetan custom j angrezi specha, 
English books. 
Adjectives with the ending can , having, partake of the nature of parti¬ 
ciples and mostly stand before the substantive. Examples: dugcanni rul, 
the poisonous snake; rgyugkhanni sta, the running horse. 
If a participle or an adjective in can stands after the substantive, it 
generally takes the pronouns de or di or a numeral. Examples : lug rucho 
canzhig, a horned sheep; sta rgyugkhan de, the running horse. 
If the adjective is placed after the substantive, it takes the case 
endings, unless it is followed by a pronoun or a word denoting the plural, 
in which case the latter would take the ending. Examples: chospa 
zangpos izug molsong, the pious man said so; sta rgyalla des rtsa mangpo 
zarug , the good horse eats much grass ; mi khaspa kunni thsodla, according 
to the idea of clever men. 
