THE PRONOUN. 
21 
THE PRONOUN. 
Personal pronouns .—Those specially used in Ladakhi are the follow- 
Singular. 
Singular respectful. 
1st Person 
2nd Person 
3rd Person 
vga, ngarang, 
khyod, khyorang, 
kho, khorang, 
nyerang. 
khong. 
Plural. 
Plural respectful. 
1st Person 
2nd Person 
3rd Person 
ngazha, ngatang, 
khyozha, 
khokun (gun), 
nyezharang. 
khongkun (gun). 
Though ngazha and ngatang in many cases may be used alternatively, 
now and then only the one or the other ought to be used. When con¬ 
nected with a numeral, the idea of the numeral is emphasized by ngatang, 
This is most plainly seen with thsangma , all. Example : ngatang thsangma 
sdigcan in, we all (all men) are sinful. Ngazha thsangma sdigcan in, we 
all are sinful, might be said by some thieves. 
The compositions with rang can always be used instead of the simple 
pronouns. 
Possessive pronouns .—They are formed from the personal pronouns by 
putting the latter in the genitive, thus ngai, ngarangngi, my ; ngazhai , 
our. 
One possessive pronoun alone does not seem to be derived from a personal 
pronoun in the way indicated. This is ngati, our, (generally used only 
for the narrowest circle, that is, for things or persons belonging to our 
house and family), ngati might be taken for a genitive, but a nominative 
ngad does not exist. Perhaps it was contracted from ngatangngi or 
developed from ngedkyi. 
The use of the possessive formed from the personal pronoun is more 
limited than in English for the following reason: 
If the possessive pronoun does not belong as attribute to the subject of 
the sentence, but agrees with the subject (which may be in the instrumen¬ 
tal) in number and person (or nature), then the possessive pronoun is 
generally expressed by the reflexive rangngi, own. Examples : khos 
rangngi aha thongs, he saw his (own) father; ngas rangngi ama sralrgos, 
I must feed my mother. 
