THE PRONOUN. 
28 
Demonstrative pronouns. — The most frequently used ones are i, this, 
and a, that, which both stand before the word they point out. Examples: 
i mibo deru thongspin, I saw this man there; a lamia drulshig , go by that 
road. 
Rather more seldom used are di, this, and de, that, which commonly 
stand after the word which they point out. Example : nasthsul de yam - 
tsan zliig in , that event is strange- 
The pronoun de may be strengthened by the ending na, and so arises 
the pronoun dena, the same, the very same, which stands before the word 
which it points out. Example : dena mi dang thugsong, I met with the 
same man. 
In the Rongpa dialect (uppermost Ladakhi), instead of dena, deka is 
used. 
All these pronouns, when standing by themselves, generally take the 
optional article. Thus ibo, this; abo, that; denabo , the same. 
Interrogative pronouns. —In Ladakhi the following are used: su, who, for 
persons; ci, what, for things. Both are used indefinitely and independ¬ 
ently. Examples: ci in, what is the matter ? ci corug , what are you 
doing ? su yongdug, who comes ? 
ga, which, is used for persons as well as for things attributively. 
Examples : ga khangpala thaddug, which house do you like ? ga mi dang 
thugsong, which man did you meet ? 
ga, when used independently, always points out a definite thing or per¬ 
son. Example : gabola thaddug, which do you like ? (in a choice). 
Note .—su reiterated, assumes the meaning of some, several. Example : 
susu hlebthsar , several (out of a certain number) have arrived. It is also used 
interrogatively in a similar way : susula hla ma thob , who (of you) has not yet 
received his wages ? 
su — su is also used correlatively for expressing ‘ one — the other/ 
Example: su ingngola yongs, su angngola song ) one came here, the other 
went there. 
Relative pronouns. —These are exactly the same in form as the interro¬ 
gative. They are, however, seldom used. If the subject, object, or adver¬ 
bial adjunct of the chief sentence be expressed by a subordinate sentence, 
then the subordinate sentence may be introduced by a relative pronoun. 
This is not the case if only an attribute is expressed by a subordinate 
sentence. Examples : gabola thadna de nenshig i take what you like ; sula 
chagsdug ) hho yongdug, he whom you love is coming. For more parti¬ 
culars see under Conjunctions. 
