24 
LADAKHI GRAMMAR. 
Remarks concerning the Pronouns :— 
1. Use of the ending zug . The ending zug is added to all demon¬ 
strative pronouns and to the interrogative pronoun ga , in order to gene¬ 
ralise their meaning. Azug , izug, dezug, dizug mean therefore ‘ such,’ or 
adverbially ‘ thus, so.’ Gazug means * what kind of P ’ ‘ how ? ’ interro* 
gatively, or adverbially ‘ just as,* ‘ as.* Gazug — dezug are used corre- 
latively. Example : gazug shmorug, dezug shngarug , as you sow, so you 
will reap. 
2. Suffixes added to su and ci. —To generalise su, who, the endings zhig 
or ang or zhig ang are used ; to generalise ci, zhig or tongzhig are added. 
Examples : suzhig yongnayang , thadte yongin, whoever comes is wel¬ 
come ; citong zhig khyongna gyogspa khyong, whatever you bring, bring 
it soon. 
THE VERB. 
General remarks.— On the whole the verb in the Ladakhi dialect 
seems to show a progress in respect to its verbal function, as compared with 
the verb in the classical language. The verb in the classical language 
may properly be considered as a verbal noun, for, as Conrady distinctly 
points out, in the classical language the verbal strength of a sentence 
lies less in the verb itself, than in the subject of the sentence, whether 
tnat be used in the nominative or instrumental. From this cause it 
happens that in the classical language the same verb may be construed 
with the instrumental or with the nominative, according as it is employed 
in a transitive or intransitive sense. 
The advance which the verb of the Ladakhi dialect exhibits rests in 
this, that generally speaking it can no longer be alternately construed 
with nominative and instrumental, but that each separate verb takes 
one or the other case alone. 
There exist a few verbs which are alternatively used with the instru¬ 
mental and nominative. They are the following :— 
With Nom. 
With Instr. 
thugces 
to meet 
to touch. 
threlces 
to be ashamed 
to abuse. 
Sometimes also:— 
thongces 
to look like 
to see. 
thsorces 
to sound like 
to hear. 
hlahces 
to learn 
to teach. 
