THE VERB. 
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doubled. Examples : phebar = phea, to be opened; sampar—samma, to 
be thought. In certain cases the classical supine must be used : 
1. In the respectful construction with dzadces. Example: rgyalpo 
shmoa dzadsong, the king ploughed (from shmoces, to plough). 
2. For the negative of the present with dug, yod, rag. Examples: 
drulla mi dug t drulla med, drulla mi rag, does not go. 
In most cases the classical supine may be used instead of the Ladakhi. 
Example : Jcho Itaa song, he went to see, instead of kho Itacesla song. 
In the classical language as well as in Ladakhi, the supine is some¬ 
times used instead of the gerund. Example : shicesla ma jigssa, bar - 
khanni khangpai nangla song, not fearing death, she entered the burning 
house. In classical language : achibala ma ajigspar. 
Present participle active.-—' The Ladakhi ending is khan, added to 
the stem ; thus tangkhan, giving ; drulkhan, going. 
The classical ending ba is perhaps hidden in the present in ad, 
thus yongngad may be contracted of yongba yod, especially as its mean¬ 
ing is approximately ‘ he is coming.’ 
Past participle passive.—' The Ladakhi endings are khan and skhan. 
About the use of the s, see Perfect stem. Examples : shadkhan, said ; 
tangsklian, given; tabskhan, thrown. 
In a few cases the classical endings ba and pa, or, with s, spa are used: 
1. Before direct speech the announcing verb prefers to take the classi¬ 
cal participle. Example : khos zerpa, he said. 
&. In a form of the past tense the classical participle is used. 
Example : cospain = cospin, he did it. 
3. It is used vulgarly at the end of any speech, for instance mi dugpa, 
he is not here. 
Gerunds.— -The Ladakhi makes use of the following three gerunds: 
1. Gerund in te or ste (about the s see Perfect stem). In most cases 
the te or ste can be translated by the English ing. Example : deru sovgste, 
going there. This gerund is used for connecting co-ordinate sentences 
with the conjunction ‘ and,’ or for expressing the conjunctions‘while, 
whilst’ t in subordinate sentences. Example: nga deru songste kho iru 
hleb, whilst I went there, he arrived here. 
It is used for the present participle only adverbially. Example: 
thongste sheste las rtsogpo cos, he did the bad work seeing and knowing 
(intentionally). 
In a form of the pluperfect it is used instead of the past participle. 
Example : coste yodpin, I had done it. 
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