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LADAKHI GRAMMAR. 
2. Gerund in pasang. It is a more modern form, and was perhaps 
derived from pas and yang. In many cases the pasang can be translated 
by ‘ because,’ in others it is usedi nstead of te. Example : mi mangpo 
dzomspasang, lamas chos shadda dzads, because many people had gathered, 
the lama spoke religion (preached). 
3, Gerund in in, derived from the classical gin. It implies a durative 
sense (for this reason it can often be translated by ‘whilst’), and likes 
reduplication. Example : guco tangin tangin dugsong, they remained here 
making noise. 
Present tense.— 
A, Simple tense .—Only the present stem is used without any endings : 
1. In the negative of the present the negation mi is often placed before 
the simple stem. Examples : mi shes, I do not know ; mi thong , I do not 
see. 
2 . Before the postpositions na , nayang and zana, the simple present 
stem is used. Examples : las cona, if you do the work; las conayang , 
although you do the work; las cozana, when doing the work, 
B. Compound tenses .— 
1. dug , joined to the stem. Examples : tangdug, I, you, he, etc., give, 
gives; shesdug, he knows. Stems ending in a Vowel take rug instead 
of dug. Examples : charug , he goes ; berug, it opens. 
Negation: The principal verb takes the classical supine, and mi is 
placed between it and dug. Examples : tangnga mi dug, does not give ; 
yongnga mi dug, does not come. 
2. ad (Lower Ladakhi ed) joined to the stem of the verb. This ad 
may have been contracted from bayod, ba being the ending of the present 
participle, so that tangngad would be the literal translation of I am 
giving, yongngad, I am coming. 
Negation : med is placed after the supine (or perhaps present participle) 
of the principal verb. Examples : coa med, he is not doing; zerra med , 
I am not saying. 
This form is especially used in lively conversation; in Lower Ladakh 
the present in ed is used almost exclusively. 
3. og, joined to the stem of the verb. In Central Ladakh the ending 
O 
'og is only used with the auxiliary in, to be, and almost only in the third 
person. Example : ri ning tlionpo innog , the hill is high. In Lower 
Ladakh it is also used sometimes with other verbs. Examples : balang - 
ngis ibo zana, shiog, if the cow eats this, she dies. 
