THE VERB* 
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This og is said to be identical with the classical ending o, which is used 
for concluding sentences. 
Negation : innog , it is; mannog^ it is not. Other cases are not 
known. 
4. Supine in in or inzhig and dug, if the action, of the verb is a last¬ 
ing one (durative), Example: las coin (coinzhig) dug, he is doing work 
(progressive). 
Negation : mi is placed before dug. Example : las coinzhig mi dug, 
he is not doing work. 
5. rag, feel, added to the supine of the principal verb. Examples: 
ngalla rag, I am tired ; skomssa rag, I am thirsty ; shessa rag, I know. 
This form can only be used with verbs which denote a perception of 
the senses (with the exception of sight) or an action of the intellect. 
Negation : mi is placed before rag : ngalla mi rag, I am not tired. 
Note.— zerrag, I hear or heard say, is probably a contraction of zerra rag. 
6. Infinitive in ces and auxiliary is not considered good language. 
Example : mugces man, does not bite. 
Past or Preterite. —Most of the forms express at the same time an 
action which is finished at the present time, and an action finished at some 
previous time (perfect, imperfect and pluperfect). 
A. Simple forms : 
1. Some verbs use the pure present stem for the past. This is the 
case especially with intransitive and neuter verbs and in the negative. 
Examples : jung, it happened ; rag, felt; thsar, finished ; ma hleb, did not 
arrive. 
Negation: ma is placed before the stem: ma jung, did not happen. 
2. The pure perfect stem (with s) is used. This is one of the most 
generally used forms. Examples: thongs , saw ; yongs, came; tangs , gave; 
cos , made. 
Negation : ma is placed before the stem : ma thongs , did not see ; ma 
yongs , did not come. 
B. Compound tenses .— 
1. in, to be, is joined to the past passive participle in pa, ba, or, with 
the s of the perfect stem, spa. Thus the termination pain, bain, or spain 
is attained, and generally contracted to pin, bin, spin. Examples : thadpin, 
liked ; cospin, did ; yongspin, came. 
