THE VERB. 
31 
4. adjoin is added to the present stem of the verb. This adpin is 
probably a contraction of ba yodpa in, ba being the ending of the classical 
present participle active, see also Present tenses 2. From this it follows 
that this form signifies the continued (sometimes repeated) action in the 
past. Examples : nanning ngas Muhan Lai thongngadpin, last year I saw 
Muhan Lai several times ; ngas specha de silladpin , I was continually read¬ 
ing that book. 
Negation: medpin is placed after the supine (or here perhaps present 
participle) of the verb. Examples: silla medpin , was not reading; 
ikongnga medpin , was not seeing. 
5. yodpin placed after the gerund in te, ste, or after the past participle 
passive in khan, skhan. The gerund is more generally used than the parti¬ 
ciple. Example : ngas las de coste yodpin, I had done the work. 
Negation: yodpin is replaced by medpin \ ngas las de coste medpin , 
I had not done the work. 
6. tog is joined to the perfect stem of the verb. This form corresponds 
to the present in og, and very likely is the Ladakhi form for the classical 
concluding to, as we have it in sgyur to. Examples : zertog, said ; yong- 
stog, came ; tangstog, gave. 
As regards the use of this form, it reminds us of the past in thsar, as 
it expresses the true perfect. It is used principally with the third person. 
It is never used with an auxiliary, nor with the verbs have, must. 
Negation: ma is placed before the stem : ma zertog , did not say; ma 
yongstog, did not come. •** 
7 . adthsug is joined to the present stem. For the derivation of ad 
see 4 adpin. In Lower Ladakh, instead of thsug, thsogs, is said, and this 
thsogs, like, always implies the meaning of something doubtful. For this 
reason the Lower Ladakhi form in thsogs may be considered as a form of the 
dubitative. This accounts for the frequent occurrence of this form of the 
past in fairy tales. In Ladakh proper, however, the dubitative meaning 
of the thsug has been lost, and the past in thsug is used alternately 
with the other forms of the past. Examples : yongngadthsug, he came; 
tangngadthsng, he gave. 
Negation : medthsug is placed after the supine (or perhaps participle) 
of the principal verb. Examples: yongnga medthsug, did not come; 
tangnga medthsug , did not give. • 
Note 1.— In a few cases the present in rag is also used for the past, for in¬ 
stance, zerrag , 1 heard say. If this form is put in the negative mi is retained, thus 
zerra mi rag , did not hear say. 
